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Lecture-II Scales

Here are the steps to construct a scale of chords: 1. Draw an arc of a circle with suitable radius. 2. Mark 0° at the starting point of the arc. 3. Mark 30° interval on the arc using a protractor. 4. Draw chords corresponding to each 30° interval. 5. Measure the length of each chord. 6. Mark the chord lengths on a scale drawn parallel to the arc. 7. Label the scale with corresponding angle measurements. 8. The scale of chords can now be used to measure or set angles on the drawing.

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Kamal Acharya
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310 views23 pages

Lecture-II Scales

Here are the steps to construct a scale of chords: 1. Draw an arc of a circle with suitable radius. 2. Mark 0° at the starting point of the arc. 3. Mark 30° interval on the arc using a protractor. 4. Draw chords corresponding to each 30° interval. 5. Measure the length of each chord. 6. Mark the chord lengths on a scale drawn parallel to the arc. 7. Label the scale with corresponding angle measurements. 8. The scale of chords can now be used to measure or set angles on the drawing.

Uploaded by

Kamal Acharya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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College of science and Technology

Royal University of Bhutan

LECTURE-II SCALES
Engineering Graphics EGP101

Module Tutor: Karma Yangzom


Outcomes
1. Representation of scales
2. Unit of measurements
3. RF
4. Types of scales
5. Solve basic questions
Introduction to Scales

• It is a representation of the proportion in which a drawing is made with


respect to the original size of the object.

• An instrument used for measuring or drawing the length of a straight


line.

• A drawing is said to be full sized drawing when the drawing is prepared


to the actual size of the object and the scale is known as full sized scale.
Introduction to Scales

• A drawing is said to be a reduced size drawing when the drawing is


smaller than the actual size and the scale is known as reduction scale.

• A drawing is said to be enlarge size drawing when the prepared drawing


is larger than the actual size of the object and the scale is known as
enlargement scale.

Representation of Scales
1. Engineering Scale: Is represented by indicating the relation between
the dimension on the drawing and the corresponding actual
dimension of the object.
Representation of Scales
e.g. 1mm = 1mm (Full size)
1mm = 1m (Reduce drawing)
1mm = 0.1mm (Enlarge size)

2. Graphical scale: It is expressed by its representative fraction and is


captioned on the drawing itself.

Representative Fraction (RF) : The ratio of the linear dimensions of an


object/ element in the drawing to the actual linear dimension of the same
object/ element.
• 
RF=

• Units in both the numerator as well denominator are converted into


same units.
• RF is always expressed in fraction (x:y) and is the ratio of lengths.
• If the quantities are in units of areas such as or in volume such as , then
the quantities are converted to lengths unit by taking square root or
cube root respectively.
Units of Measurements
Metric system for linear measurement British system for linear measurement

1 kilometre (km) = 10 hectometres 1 league = 3 miles

1 hectometre (Hm) = 10 decametres 1 mile (mi) = 8 furlongs

1 decameter (Dm or dam) = 10 metres 1 furlong (fur) = 10 chains

1 metre (m) = 10 decimetres 1 chain (ch) = 22 yards

1 decimetre (dm) = 10 centimetres 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet

1 centimetre (cm) = 10 millimetres (mm) 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches

-- 1 inch (in) = 8 eighth

Table 1: Units of Linear measurement


Units of Measurements
Linear Conversion Area Conversion

1 mile = 1.609km 1 are(a) = 100

1 inch= 25.4mm 1 hectare(ha) = 100 ares = 10000

1 square mile = 640 acres

1 acre (ac) = 10 square chain = 4840 square yards

Table 2: Linear and Area conversions


Questions
1. A centimetre long line on a map represents a real length of 4 metres,
calculate the RF.

2. The College of Science and Technology is 3.11 mile away from the
main Gas Station. The distance is represented by 5 cm long line on a
map. Find the RF.

3. A farmer is planning to buy a land in Pasakha. It is a rectangular field


of 0.54 hectares and is represented on a map by 3 cm X 2cm. Find the
RF.
Types of Scales
1. Plain scale
2. Diagonal Scale
3. Comparative scale
4. Vernier scale
5. Scale of chords.

• The RF of the scale should be written below the individual drawing.


However if the scale is common for all the drawings, then it should be
mentioned in the title block.
Requirements of Scales
•  Datas required to construct a scale (plain, diagonal, comparative and
Vernier) are as follows:
• RF of the scale
• Maximum length which the scale can measure
• Least count of the scale ( minimum length the scale can measure)

• Steps to construct a scale:


• Determine the value of R.F.
• Calculate the length of scale as = R.Fx Maximum length (expressed
in cm)
• Actual drawing
1. Plain scale
• It is used to read two consecutive units that is, a unit and its immediate
sub division. E.g.
• metres and decimetre (3.5m)
• kilometre and hectometre (3.5km)
• feet and inches (5 ft 10in)
• It consist of suitable equal parts/ units. The first part is further divided
into smaller parts.
• Zero should be placed at the beginning of the second main scale/ part/
division.
• From zero of the second main scale, sub divisions in the first scale are
marked to the left of the second main scale.
• The names of the units and subdivisions should be mentioned below or
at ends.
Contd.
•Q.  Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres and decimetres and long
enough to measure up to 6 metres. Mark a distance of 4.7m on it.
Solutions:
1. Given RF= 1/40 and maximum length = 6m
2. Length of scale () = (1/40)x600 = 15cm
3. Draw a rectangle having length AB = 15cm with 1cm width AC.
4. Divide the rectangle into 6 equal parts, each part representing 1m.
5. Divide the first part into 10 subdivisions. Each subdivisions
representing 1 dm.
6. Write the RF and the units below the scale.
7. Mark distance 4.7m that is, 4 m on the right side of the zero and 7dm
on the left side.
1. Plain scale

Figure 1: Plain Scale


2. Diagonal scale
• It is used to read three consecutive units.
E.g.
Kilometre, hectometre and decametre (4.57km)
yards, feet and inches
metre and decimetre (45.7 m)
kilometre ( 457km)

• The construction of a diagonal scale is similar to that of plain scale.


The only additional component is the diagonal scale.
Contd.
Principle of Diagonal Scale

• Draw line AB of unit length.


• Draw a perpendicular line BC of any
length (say 100mm).
• Divide the line BC into ‘10’ equal parts
(1,2,3, etc.) and join like AC.
• Draw lines parallel to AB through point
1,2,3, etc. intersecting AC. Mark the
points on AC as 1’,2’,3’, etc.
• Triangles C11’, C22’, C33’, etc. are
similar to triangle CBA and the side
proportions are 1/10 AB, 2/10 AB,
3/10 AB, etc. respectively.
2. Diagonal scale

•Q.  If 1cm long line on a map represents a real length of 4dm. Calculate
the R.F. and draw a diagonal scale long enough to measure up to 6m.
Mark a distance 4.57m on it.
Solution:
1. R.F.= 1cm/4dm = 1/40 , Maximum length= 6m= 600mm.
2. Length of scale () = (1/40)x 600 = 15cm.
3. Draw a rectangle of length AB=15cm and width AC= 4cm.
4. Here line AB represents 6m, therefore, divide line AB into six equal
parts so that each part represents 1m.
5. Divide the first part into ‘10’ equal parts, each part representing 1
dm and erect diagonal lines.
6. Divide line AC into ‘10’ equal parts, each part representing 1cm.
7. Draw horizontal line from the points on line AC to intersect line BD.
8. Write R.F. below the scale and mark 4.57m on the scale. 4m on the
right side, 5dm on the left side and 7cm as you move up along the
diagonal line to six division

Figure 2: Diagonal Scale


3. Comparative scale

• Is a pair of scales having common representative fraction but


graduated to read different units.

• Comparative scales may be either plain or diagonal scales depending


upon the requirement.

• A map drawn in miles and furlongs can be measured directly in


kilometres and hectometres.

• Constructed separately or one above the other.


3. Comparative scale

•Q.  On a road map, an actual distance of 36 miles between two stops is


represented by a line 10cm long. Draw a plain scale to show miles and
long enough to read up to 60 miles. Also draw a comparative scale
attached to it to show kilometre and read upto 90 kilometres. On the
scale show the distance in kilometres equivalent to 46 miles. Take 1
mile= 1609metres.
Solution:
• R.F.= 10cm/ 36miles = =
• For British scale, maximum length = 60 miles
• Ls (British scale)= R.F. x max. length = x 60x 1609x
100
• = 16.67cm
3. Comparative scale

•  For metric scale, maximum length= 90 km.


• Ls (Metris scale) = R.F. x max. length = x 90x 1000x
100
• = 15.54cm
• Draw 16.67cm long plain scale to represent 60 miles.
Divide it into ‘6’ equal parts, each representing 10
miles.
• Divide the first part into ‘10’ equal parts, each
representing 1 mile.
• Similarly, draw 15.54cm long plain scale to represent
90km. Divide it into ‘9’ equal parts each representing
10 km.
• Divide the first part into 10 equal parts representing 1
km.
• Write main units and second units for both the scales.
3. Comparative scale

• Mark a distance 46 miles on the British scale and show an equivalent


length on the metric scale as 74 km.

Figure 3: Comparative Scale


5. Scale of Chords
• A scale of chords is used to measure or set an angle in the
absence of a protractor.
• Construction is based on the length of chords of angles
measured on the same arc.

Self Study
Write down the steps to construct a scale of chords.

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