Chapter 1

: ME-314 Controls Systems
Dr. Khurram Kamal
Illustrations
Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems
Objectives
In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system.
A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a

desired purpose. To understand the purpose of a control system, it is useful to
examine examples of control systems through the course of history. These early
systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use today.
Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design strategies for
improving manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use, advanced
automobile control, including rapid transit, among others.
We also discuss the notion of a design gap. The gap exists between the complex
physical system under investigation and the model used in the control system
synthesis.
The iterative nature of design allows us to handle the design gap effectively while
accomplishing necessary tradeoffs in complexity, performance, and cost in order to
meet the design specifications.
Illustrations
Introduction
System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system

configuration that will provide a desired response.
Process – The device, plant, or system

under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-
effect relationship of the process.
Illustrations
Introduction
Open-Loop Control Systems
utilize a controller or control
actuator to obtain the desired
response.
Closed-Loop Control
Systems utilizes feedback to
compare the actual output to
the desired output response.
Multivariable Control System
Illustrations
History
Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism

Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator
Watt’s Flyball Governor

(18th century)
Illustrations
History
Water-level float regulator
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History
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History
18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam
engine.
1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems
1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear closed-loop
control systems
1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory
includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, economic and
socio-economic systems
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Illustrations
Examples of Modern Control Systems
(a) Automobile
steering control
system.
(b) The driver uses
the difference
between the
actual and the
desired direction
of travel
to generate a
controlled
adjustment of the
steering wheel.
(c) Typical
direction-of-travel
response.
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The Future of Control Systems
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The Future of Control Systems
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Control System Design
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Design Example
Illustrations
Design Example
ELECTRIC SHIP CONCEPT
Vision
Electrically
Electrically
Reconfigurable
Reconfigurable
AllAll
Integrated Ship
Ship
Integrated Electric
Electric
Power
Power Ship
System Ship
System  Technology
 Reduced manning Insertion Increasing Affordability and Military Capability
 Electric Drive  Warfighting
 Reduce # of Prime  Automation
 Eliminate auxiliary Capabilities
Movers
 Fuel savings systems (steam,
hydraulics, compressed Main Power
 Reduced maintenance air) Distribution
Propulsion Motor Prime
Generator
Motor Drive Mover
Power Ship
Conversion Service
Module Power
Illustrations
Design Example
CVN(X) FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER
Illustrations
Design Example
EMALS
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Design Example
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Design Example
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Design Example
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Design Example
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Design Example
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Design Example
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Sequential Design Example
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Sequential Design Example
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Mistakes
Challenger
Tacoma Bridge
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References, and Resources
http://www.ieeecss.org/siteindex/SITEindex.html
http://www-control.eng.cam.ac.uk/extras/Virtual_Library/Control_VL.html
Illustrations
Exercises and Problems
Illustrations
Exercises and Problems
Illustrations

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: ME-314 Controls Systems

Dr. Khurram Kamal

A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a

System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system

Process – The device, plant, or system

Multivariable Control System

Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism

Watt’s Flyball Governor

Water-level float regulator

CVN(X) FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER

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