Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function
Md. Shahidul Islam

Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Mobile No: +8801723355387
E-mail: shahidulvet07@yahoo.com
How body is organized?
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Cells
• Smallest living unit
• Most are microscopic
Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork
– Saw “row of empty boxes”
– Coined the term cell
Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

“all cells come from cells”
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and

function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells

(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
Cell Types
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
• Possess many organelles
Protozoan
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Cell Organelles
• Organelles are sub cellular structure
structures that provide internal
compartmentalization and other function
Organelles
• Cellular machinery
• Two general kinds
– Derived from membranes
– Bacteria-like organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria
• Ancient association
• Endosymbiotic theory
– Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Phospholipids
• Polar
– Hydrophylic head
– Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water

Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely

– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules

– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances
Cytoskeleton
• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types

– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:
– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move
substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility
• Cilia
– Short
– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like
centrioles
Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Protiens
– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens
– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

Golgi Apparatus Function
(Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma

membrane to secrete contents
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Release & store energy
• Types
– Mitochondria
(release energy)
– Chloroplasts
(store energy)
Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids
• Release energy
– ATP
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Structure and Function

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Cell Structure and Function

Md. Shahidul Islam

• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

• Smallest living unit of structure and

• All cells arise from preexisting cells

• Interacts with water

• A few molecules move freely

• Carrier proteins transport some molecules

• Made of 3 fiber types

• Control center of cell

• Network of interconnected membranes

1. Molecules come in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicles may combine with plasma

• Release & store energy

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