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Elements of Electrical Engineering: Guest Lecture On

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79 views15 pages

Elements of Electrical Engineering: Guest Lecture On

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anon_288859685
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

Guest Lecture On

FUNDAMENTALS OF
TRANSFORMER Navin Kumar R Kulkarni
M.Tech(Power Systems)
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Electrical Enginee
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR
SGU, Kolhapur
© 1
admap of Discussion:
Prerequisites
ntroduction to Transformers
Working Principle
Construction
Classification of Transformer
deal Transformer
Transformation ratio
EMF Equation
Equivalent circuit
Testing of transformers
Losses & Efficiency
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 2
Prerequisites:
 Supremacy of Elec  Faradays Experiments
trical energy  Faradays
 Need of
Electromagnetic Laws
Transformers  Lenz Law
 Magnetic circuits
 Self Inductance
 Electromagnetics
 Mutual Inductance
 Flux
 Magnetization curve
 Flux density
 Hysteresis
 Flux intensity
 Hysteresis curve
 Permanence
 Eddy current
 Reluctance

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 3


troduction to Transformers
What is Transformer.. ?
• A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric
power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another
circuit with any physical contact.
3. Working Principle of a Transformer
• The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction
between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux.
• It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.
• In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils
which are electrically separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance.
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 4
• If one coil is connected to a source of
alternating voltage,
An alternating flux is set up in the
laminated core, most of which is linked with
the other coil in which it produces mutually-
induced e.m.f.
As per Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction,
e = M dI/dt
• If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it
and so electric energy is transferred (entirely
magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil.
• The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from
the a.c. supply mains, is called primary winding.
• The Second coil from which energy is drawn
out, is called secondary winding.

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 5


On Debriefing,
Transformer is something that,
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.

4. Construction of Transformer
• The simple elements of a transformer consist of two coils
having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core or iron
core.
• Other Important parts are:
 Transformer Tank
 Insulating material
 Bushings
 Windings
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 6
Transformer Tank:
It consists of the following:
1. Transformer Core
2. Insulated Windings

• This entire assembly is immersed in oil, which not


only helps in cooling of transformer, but also for
providing Insulation between all conducting parts.

• Transformer core is laminated to minimize Eddy


current losses and core is constructed from Silicon
steel material which reduces Hysteresis losses.

• The thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm


for a frequency of 50 Hz to 0.5 mm for a frequency
of 25 Hz.

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 7


Bushing:
It is needed for insulating and bringing out the
terminals of windings from the tank of
transformer.

It is generally made of porcelain based material.


It consists of the following:
1. Low Voltage Bushings (LT)
2. High voltage Windings (HT)
Cooling parts:
1. Oil tank: Contains transformer oil
2. Cooling tubes: For circulation of oil
3. Conservator: For Expansion of oil
4. Explosion vent: For releasing pressure
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 8
assification of Transformer
I. According to construction:
1. Core type transformer
2. Shell type transformer

II. According to its function:


1. Step up Transformer
2. Step down transformer

III. According to Applications:


1. Power transformer
2. Distribution transformer
3. Instrumentation transformer: CT & PT
4. Autotransformer
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 9
Ideal Transformer:
• An ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e. its windings have no ohmic
resistance, there is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no I2R and core losses.
In reality, it is impossible to have such a transformer in practice, yet for convenience, it is
considered for step by step approach to analyze operation of an actual practical transformer.
ysis using Ideal Transformer:
• Consider an ideal transformer whose secondary is open
and whose primary is connected to sinusoidal
alternating voltage V1.
• This potential difference causes an alternating current to
flow in the primary and this induces flux Ф in the core
and induced emf E1.

• As per the Lenz Law, the induced emf opposes very


cause of it, hence it opposes supply voltage V1.
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 10
• As per principle of mutual inductance, An Emf E2 is
induced in secondary coil which is connected to load as
load voltage V2

• If Secondary is open circuited, transformer primary


current required is just to main magnetizing components.

• If load is connected to secondary, then Primary current I1


increases to maintain flux in core of transformer since E1
opposes V1.

• Thus Transformer is a constant power device and it can


not be used as an amplifier since it does not amplifies
anything.

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 11


7. E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer
Let N1 = No. of turns in primary

N2 = No. of turns in secondary Φ

Φm = Maximum flux in core in webers


= Bm × A

f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz


• The flux increases from its zero value to maximum
value in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4 f second.

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 12


• Now, rate of change of flux per turn means
induced e.m.f. in volts.

Φ
• If flux Φ varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s. value of
induced e.m.f. is obtained by multiplying the average
value with form factor.

So, r.m.s. value of e.m.f./turn = 1.11 × 4 f Φm = 4.44 f Φm volt

Induced emf for N1 number of turns = (induced e.m.f/turn) × No. of primary turns
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Φm = 4.44 f N1 Bm A
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 13
Similarly, r.m.s. value of the e.m.f. induced in secondary is,
E2 = 4.44 f N2 Φm = 4.44 f N2 Bm A
8. Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
For above emf equations:

This constant K is known as voltage


transformation ratio.
(i) If N > N i.e. K > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer.
2 1

(ii) If N < N i.e. K < 1, then transformer is known as step-down transformer.


2 1

Again, for an ideal transformer, input VA = output VA.

PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 14


Thank you...
PROF. N. R. KULKARNI, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGG., SGI KOLHAPUR © 15

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