Introduction To Classes and Objects

1
3
Introduction to
Classes and Objects
 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2
You will see something new. Two things. And I

call them Thing One and Thing Two.
— Dr. Theodor Seuss Geisel
Nothing can have value without being an object

of utility.
— Karl Marx
Your public servants serve you right.

— Adlai E. Stevenson
Knowing how to answer one who speaks,

To reply to one who sends a message.
— Amenemope

3
OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn:
 What classes, objects, methods and instance variables
are.
 How to declare a class and use it to create an object.
 How to declare methods in a class to implement the
class’s behaviors.
 How to declare instance variables in a class to
implement the class’s attributes.
 How to call an object’s method to make that method
perform its task.
 The differences between instance variables of a class
and local variables of a method.
 How to use a constructor to ensure that an object’s
data is initialized when the object is created.
 The differences between primitive and reference types.

4
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance Variables
3.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an
Object of a Class
3.4 Declaring a Method with a Parameter
3.5 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods
3.6 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types
3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors
3.8 Floating-Point Numbers and Type double
3.9 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Dialog
Boxes
3.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying
the Classes in a Requirements Document
3.11 Wrap-Up

5
3.1 Introduction
• Classes
• Floating-Point numbers

6
3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and

Instance Variables
• Class provides one or more methods

• Method represents task in a program
– Describes the mechanisms that actually perform its tasks
– Hides from its user the complex tasks that it performs
– Method call tells method to perform its task

7
3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and

Instance Variables (Cont.)
• Classes contain one or more attributes

– Specified by instance variables
– Carried with the object as it is used

8
3.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and

Instantiating an Object of a Class
• Each class declaration that begins with keyword

public must be stored in a file that has the same
name as the class and ends with the .java file-
name extension.

9
Class GradeBook
• keyword public is an access modifier

• Class declarations include:
– Access modifier
– Keyword class
– Pair of left and right braces

10
Class GradeBook
• Method declarations
– Keyword public indicates method is available to
public
– Keyword void indicates no return type
– Access modifier, return type, name of method and
parentheses comprise method header

11
Common Programming Error 3.1
Declaring more than one public class in

the same file is a compilation error.

1 // Fig. 3.1: GradeBook.java 12
2 // Class declaration with one method. Outline
3
4 public class GradeBook
5 {
GradeBook.java
6 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
Print line of text to output
7 public void displayMessage()
8 {
9 System.out.println( "Welcome to the Grade Book!" );
10 } // end method displayMessage
11
12 } // end class GradeBook
 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Class GradeBookTest
• Java is extensible
– Programmers can create new classes
• Class instance creation expression
– Keyword new
– Then name of class to create and parentheses
• Calling a method
– Object name, then dot separator (.)
– Then method name and parentheses

1 // Fig. 3.2: GradeBookTest.java 14
2 // Create a GradeBook object and call its displayMessage method. Outline
3
4 public class GradeBookTest
5 {
GradeBookTest.java
6 // main method begins program execution
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
Use class instance creation
9 // create a GradeBook object and assign it to myGradeBook
expression to create object of class
10 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook();
GradeBook
11
12 // call myGradeBook's displayMessage method
Call method displayMessage
13 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
using GradeBook object
14 } // end main
15
16 } // end class GradeBookTest
Welcome to the Grade Book!

15
Compiling an Application with Multiple

Classes
• Compiling multiple classes

– List each .java file separately separated with spaces
– Compile with *.java to compile all .java files in that
directory

16
UML Class Diagram for Class GradeBook
• UML class diagrams

– Top compartment contains name of the class
– Middle compartment contains class’s attributes or
instance variables
– Bottom compartment contains class’s operations or
methods
• Plus sign indicates public methods

17
Fig. 3.3 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a public
displayMessage operation.

18
• Method parameters
– Additional information passed to a method
– Supplied in the method call with arguments

19
• Scanner methods
– nextLine reads next line of input
– next reads next word of input

2 // Class declaration with a method that has a parameter. Outline
3
5 {
GradeBook.java
7 public void displayMessage( String courseName )
8 {
9 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book for\n%s!\n",
10 courseName );
11 } // end method displayMessage Call printf method with
12 courseName argument

2 // Create GradeBook object and pass a String to
3 // its displayMessage method. Outline
4 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses Scanner
5
7 {
GradeBookTest.java
10 {
11 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window
12 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
13
14 // create a GradeBook object and assign it toCall nextLine method
myGradeBook to read a
15 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook(); line of input
16
17 // prompt for and input course name
18 System.out.println( "Please enter the course name:" );
19 CalladisplayMessage
String nameOfCourse = input.nextLine(); // read line of text with an
20 System.out.println(); // outputs a blank line
21
argument
22 // call myGradeBook's displayMessage method
23 // and pass nameOfCourse as an argument
24 myGradeBook.displayMessage( nameOfCourse );
25 } // end main
26
Please enter the course name:

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming
Welcome to the grade book for

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!

22
Software Engineering Observation 3.1
Normally, objects are created with new. One exception is a string

literal that is contained in quotes, such as "hello". String literals
are references to String objects that are implicitly created by Java.

23
More on Arguments and Parameters
• Parameters specified in method’s parameter list

– Part of method header
– Uses a comma-separated list

24
A compilation error occurs if the number

of arguments in a method call does not
match the number of parameters in the
method declaration.

25
A compilation error occurs if the types of the

arguments in a method call are not consistent
with the types of the corresponding
parameters in the method declaration.

26
Updated UML Class Diagram for Class

GradeBook
• UML class diagram

– Parameters specified by parameter name followed by a
colon and parameter type

27
Fig. 3.6 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a displayMessage
operation with a courseName parameter of UML type String.

28
Notes on Import Declarations
• java.lang is implicitly imported into

every program
• Default package
– Contains classes compiled in the same directory
– Implicitly imported into source code of other files in
directory
• Packages unnecessary if fully-qualified
names are used

29
The Java compiler does not require import declarations in a

Java source code file if the fully qualified class name is
specified every time a class name is used in the source code.
But most Java programmers consider using fully qualified
names to be cumbersome, and instead prefer to use import
declarations.

30
3.5 Instance Variables, set Methods and

get Methods
• Variables declared in the body of method

– Called local variables
– Can only be used within that method
• Variables declared in a class declaration
– Called fields or instance variables
– Each object of the class has a separate instance of
the variable

2
3
// GradeBook class that contains a courseName instance variable
// and methods to set and get its value.
Outline
4
5 public class GradeBook Instance variable courseName
6 {
7 private String courseName; // course name for this GradeBook GradeBook.java
8
9 // method to set the course name
10 public void setCourseName( String name )
11 {
set method for courseName
12 courseName = name; // store the course name
13 } // end method setCourseName
14
15 // method to retrieve the course name
16 public String getCourseName()
17 {
get method for courseName
18 return courseName;
19 } // end method getCourseName
20
23 {
24 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
25 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
26 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book for\n%s!\n",
27 getCourseName() );
Call get method
29

32
Access Modifiers public and private
• private keyword
– Used for most instance variables
– private variables and methods are accessible only
to methods of the class in which they are declared
– Declaring instance variables private is known as
data hiding
• Return type
– Indicates item returned by method
– Declared in method header

33
Precede every field and method declaration with an access

modifier. As a rule of thumb, instance variables should be
declared private and methods should be declared public. (We
will see that it is appropriate to declare certain methods private,
if they will be accessed only by other methods of the class.)

34
Good Programming Practice 3.1
We prefer to list the fields of a class first, so that, as you read

the code, you see the names and types of the variables before
you see them used in the methods of the class. It is possible
to list the class’s fields anywhere in the class outside its
method declarations, but scattering them tends to lead to
hard-to-read code.

35
Good Programming Practice 3.2
Place a blank line between method

declarations to separate the methods
and enhance program readability.

36
GradeBookTest Class That

Demonstrates Class GradeBook
• Default initial value

– Provided for all fields not initialized
– Equal to null for Strings

37
set and get methods
• private instance variables

– Cannot be accessed directly by clients of the object
– Use set methods to alter the value
– Use get methods to retrieve the value

2 // Create and manipulate a GradeBook object.
Outline
3 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses Scanner
4
6 {
GradeBookTest.java
9 {
(1 of 2)
10 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window
11 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
12
13 // create a GradeBook object and assign it to myGradeBook
14 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook();
15
16 // display initial value of courseName
17 System.out.printf( "Initial course name is: %s\n\n",
18 myGradeBook.getCourseName() );
Call get method for courseName
19

20 // prompt for and read course name 39
21 System.out.println( "Please enter the course name:" ); Outline
22 String theName = input.nextLine(); // read a line of text
23 myGradeBook.setCourseName( theName ); // set the course name
Call set method for courseName
24 System.out.println(); // outputs a blank line
25 GradeBookTest.java
26 // display welcome message after specifying course name
(2 of 2)
27 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
28 } // end main
Call displayMessage
29
Initial course name is: null
Please enter the course name:

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming
Welcome to the grade book for

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!

40
GradeBook’s UML Class Diagram with an

Instance Variable and set and get Methods
• Attributes
– Listed in middle compartment
– Attribute name followed by colon followed by
attribute type
• Return type of a method
– Indicated with a colon and return type after the
parentheses after the operation name

41
Fig. 3.9 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a courseName attribute
of UML type String and three operations—setCourseName (with a name parameter of
UML type String), getCourseName (returns UML type String) and displayMessage.

42
Primitive Types vs. Reference Types
• Types in Java
– Primitive
• boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float,
double
– Reference (sometimes called nonprimitive types)
• Objects
• Default value of null
• Used to invoke an object’s methods

43
A variable’s declared type (e.g., int, double or GradeBook)

indicates whether the variable is of a primitive or a reference
type. If a variable’s type is not one of the eight primitive types,
then it is a reference type. For example, Account account1
indicates that account1 is a reference to an Account object).

44
3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors
• Constructors
– Initialize an object of a class
– Java requires a constructor for every class
– Java will provide a default no-argument constructor
if none is provided
– Called when keyword new is followed by the class
name and parentheses

2 // GradeBook class with a constructor to initialize the course name. Outline
3
5 {
6 private String courseName; // course name for this GradeBook GradeBook.java
7
8 // constructor initializes courseName with String supplied as argument (1 of 2)
9 public GradeBook( String name )
10 { Constructor to initialize
11 courseName = name; // initializes courseName courseName variable
12 } // end constructor
13
14 // method to set the course name
15 public void setCourseName( String name )
16 {
17 courseName = name; // store the course name
18 } // end method setCourseName
19
20 // method to retrieve the course name
21 public String getCourseName()
22 {
23 return courseName;
24 } // end method getCourseName

25 46
26 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user Outline
28 {
29 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
GradeBook.java
30 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
31 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book for\n%s!\n", (2 of 2)
32 getCourseName() );
34

2 // GradeBook constructor used to specify the course name at the Outline
3 // time each GradeBook object is created.
4
6 { GradeBookTest.java
8 public static void main( String args[] ) Call constructor to create first grade
9 { book object
10 // create GradeBook object
11 GradeBook gradeBook1 = new GradeBook(
12 "CS101 Introduction to Java Programming" );
13 GradeBook gradeBook2 = new GradeBook(
14 "CS102 Data Structures in Java" );
15
Create second grade book object
16 // display initial value of courseName for each GradeBook
17 System.out.printf( "gradeBook1 course name is: %s\n",
18 gradeBook1.getCourseName() );
19 System.out.printf( "gradeBook2 course name is: %s\n",
20 gradeBook2.getCourseName() );
21 } // end main
22
gradeBook1 course name is: CS101 Introduction to Java Programming

gradeBook2 course name is: CS102 Data Structures in Java

48
Error-Prevention Tip 3.1
Unless default initialization of your class’s instance

variables is acceptable, provide a constructor to ensure
that your class’s instance variables are properly
initialized with meaningful values when each new object
of your class is created.

49
Adding the Constructor to Class

GradeBookTest’s UML Class Diagram
• UML class diagram

– Constructors go in third compartment
– Place “<<constructor>>” before constructor name
– By convention, place constructors first in their
compartment

50
Fig. 3.12 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a constructor that has
a name parameter of UML type String.

51
3.8 Floating-Point Numbers and Type

double
• Floating-point numbers
– float
– double
• Stores numbers with greater magnitude and precision
than float

52
Floating-Point Number Precision and

Memory Requirements
• float
– Single-precision floating-point numbers
– Seven significant digits
• double
– Double-precision floating-point numbers
– Fifteen significant digits

53
Using floating-point numbers in a manner

that assumes they are represented precisely
can lead to logic errors.

1 // Fig. 3.13: Account.java 54
2
3
// Account class with a constructor to
// initialize instance variable balance.
Outline
4
5 public class Account
6 {
7 private double balance; // instance variable that stores the balance Account.java
8
9 // constructor double variable balance
10 public Account( double initialBalance )
11 {
12 // validate that initialBalance is greater than 0.0;
13 // if it is not, balance is initialized to the default value 0.0
14 if ( initialBalance > 0.0 )
15 balance = initialBalance;
16 } // end Account constructor
17
18 // credit (add) an amount to the account
19 public void credit( double amount )
20 {
21 balance = balance + amount; // add amount to balance
22 } // end method credit
23
24 // return the account balance
25 public double getBalance()
26 {
27 return balance; // gives the value of balance to the calling method
28 } // end method getBalance
29
30 } // end class Account

55
AccountTest Class to use Class

Account
• Format specifier %f
– Used to output floating-point numbers
– Place a decimal and a number between the percent
sign and the f to mandate a precision

1 // Fig. 3.14: AccountTest.java 56
2 // Create and manipulate an Account object. Outline
3 import java.util.Scanner;
4
5 public class AccountTest
6 { AccountTest.java
7 // main method begins execution of Java application
(1 of 3)
9 {
10 Account account1 = new Account( 50.00 ); // create Account object
11 Account account2 = new Account( -7.53 ); // create Account object
12
13 // display initial balance of each object
14 System.out.printf( "account1 balance: $%.2f\n",
15 account1.getBalance() );
16 System.out.printf( "account2 balance: $%.2f\n\n",
18

19 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window 57
20 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in ); Outline
21 double depositAmount; // deposit amount read from user
22
23 System.out.print( "Enter deposit amount for account1: " ); // prompt
24 depositAmount = input.nextDouble(); // obtain user input AccountTest.java
25 System.out.printf( "\nadding %.2f to account1 balance\n\n",
26 depositAmount );
Input a double value (2 of 3)
27 account1.credit( depositAmount ); // add to account1 balance
28
29 // display balances
32 System.out.printf( "account2 balance: $%.2f\n\n",
33 account2.getBalance() ); Input a double value
34
35 System.out.print( "Enter deposit amount for account2: " ); // prompt
36 depositAmount = input.nextDouble(); // obtain user input
37 System.out.printf( "\nadding %.2f to account2 balance\n\n",
38 depositAmount );
39 account2.credit( depositAmount ); // add to account2 balance
40

41 // display balances 58
42 System.out.printf( "account1 balance: $%.2f\n", Outline
46 } // end main AccountTest.java
47
Output a double value (3 of 3)
48 } // end class AccountTest
account1 balance: $50.00

Enter deposit amount for account1: 25.53
adding 25.53 to account1 balance

Enter deposit amount for account2: 123.45
adding 123.45 to account2 balance


59
Fig. 3.15 | UML class diagram indicating that class Account has a private balance
attribute of UML type Double, a constructor (with a parameter of UML type Double) and
two public operations—credit (with an amount parameter of UML type Double) and
getBalance (returns UML type Double).

60
Location Title—Exercise(s)
Section 3.9 Using Dialog Boxes—Basic input and output with dialog boxes
Section 4.14 Creating Simple Drawings—Displaying and drawing lines on the screen
Section 5.10 Drawing Rectangles and Ovals—Using shapes to represent data
Section 6.13 Colors and Filled Shapes—Drawing a bull’s-eye and random graphics
Section 7.13 Drawing Arcs—Drawing spirals with arcs

Section 8.18 Using Objects with Graphics—Storing shapes as objects
Section 9.8 Displaying Text and Images Using Labels—Providing status information
Section 10.8 Drawing with Polymorphism—Identifying the similarities between shapes
Exercise 11.18 Expanding the Interface—Using GUI components and event handling
Exercise 12.12 Adding Java 2D—Using the Java 2D API to enhance drawings
Fig. 3.16 | Summary of the GUI and Graphics Case Study in each chapter.

61
Displaying Text in a Dialog Box
• Windows and dialog boxes

– Many Java applications use these to display output
– JOptionPane provides prepackaged dialog boxes
called message dialogs

1 // Fig. 3.17: Dialog1.java 62
2 // Printing multiple lines in dialog box. Outline
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; // import class JOptionPane
4
5 public class Dialog1
6 { Dialog1.java
8 { Import class JOptionPane
9 // display a dialog with the message
10 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "Welcome\nto\nJava" );
11 } // end main
12 } // end class Dialog1
Show a message dialog with text

63
Displaying Text in a Dialog Box
• Package javax.swing
– Contains classes to help create graphical user
interfaces (GUIs)
– Contains class JOptionPane
• Declares static method showMessageDialog for
displaying a message dialog

64
Entering Text in a Dialog Box
• Input dialog
– Allows user to input information
– Created using method showInputDialog from
class JOptionPane

1 // Fig. 3.18: NameDialog.java 65
2 // Basic input with a dialog box. Outline
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class NameDialog
6 { NameDialog.java
8 {
Show input dialog
9 // prompt user to enter name
10 String name =
11 JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "What is your name?" );
12
13 // create the message
14 String message =
15 String.format( "Welcome, %s, to Java Programming!", name );
16
17 // display the message to welcome the user by name
18 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, message );
19 } // end main
20 } // end class NameDialog Format a String to output to user

66
3.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study:

Identifying the Classes in a Requirements Document
• Begin designing the ATM system

– Analyze the nouns and noun phrases
– Introduce UML class diagrams

67
Identifying the Classes in a System
• Key nouns and noun phrases in

requirements document
– Some are attributes of other classes
– Some do not correspond to parts of the system
– Some are classes
• To be represented by UML class diagrams

68
Nouns and noun phrases in the requirements document

bank money / funds account number
ATM screen PIN
user keypad bank database
customer cash dispenser balance inquiry
transaction $20 bill / cash withdrawal
account deposit slot deposit
balance deposit envelope
Fig. 3.19 | Nouns and noun phrases in the requirements document.

69
Modeling Classes

– Top compartment contains name of the class
– Middle compartment contains class’s attributes or
instance variables
– Bottom compartment contains class’s operations or
methods

70
Fig. 3.20 | Representing a class in the UML using a class diagram.

71
Modeling Classes

– Allows suppression of class attributes and operations
• Called an elided diagram
– Solid line that connects two classes represents an
association
• numbers near end of each line are multiplicity values

72
Fig. 3.21 | Class diagram showing an association among classes.

73
Symbol Meaning
0 None
1 One
m An integer value
0..1 Zero or one
m, n m or n
m..n At least m, but not more than n
* Any non-negative integer (zero or more)
0..* Zero or more (identical to *)
1..* One or more
Fig. 3.22 | Multiplicity types.

74
Modeling Classes

– Solid diamonds attached to association lines
indicate a composition relationship
– Hollow diamonds indicate aggregation – a weaker
form of composition

75
Fig. 3.23 | Class diagram showing composition relationships.

76
Fig. 3.24 | Class diagram for the ATM system model.

77
Fig. 3.25 | Class diagram showing composition relationships of a class Car.

78
Fig. 3.26 | Class diagram for the ATM system model including class Deposit.

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1

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

You will see something new. Two things. And I

Nothing can have value without being an object

Your public servants serve you right.

Knowing how to answer one who speaks,

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and

• Class provides one or more methods

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and

• Classes contain one or more attributes

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and

• Each class declaration that begins with keyword

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

• keyword public is an access modifier

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Programming Error 3.1

Declaring more than one public class in

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education,

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Welcome to the Grade Book!

 2005 Pearson Education,

Compiling an Application with Multiple

• Compiling multiple classes

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

UML Class Diagram for Class GradeBook

• UML class diagrams

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3.4 Declaring a Method with a Parameter

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3.4 Declaring a Method with a Parameter

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2005 Pearson Education,

Please enter the course name:

Welcome to the grade book for

 2005 Pearson Education,

Software Engineering Observation 3.1

Normally, objects are created with new. One exception is a string

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

More on Arguments and Parameters

• Parameters specified in method’s parameter list

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Programming Error 3.2

A compilation error occurs if the number

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Programming Error 3.3

A compilation error occurs if the types of the

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Updated UML Class Diagram for Class

• UML class diagram

 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.