Chapter 8 Lecture

Chapter 8:
Momentum

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 Goals for Chapter 8

• Study momentum.
• Understand conservation of momentum.
• Study momentum changes during collisions.
• Add time and study impulse.
• Understand center of mass and how forces act
on the c.o.m.
• Apply momentum to rocket propulsion.

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 Chapter 8:
Momentum Conservation

Impulse
Work

Distance, l

K = (1/2) m v2 p=mv
Work-Energy Theorem Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Energy Conservation Momentum Conservation
Momentum Conservation
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 Momentum Can Cause Injury (Concussion)

• This is a frame of reference problem just like a

passenger in a car. When the brain and skull are
moving at the same velocity, there is no
problem. If the skull changes abruptly and the
brain does not, there is a possibility of an injury.

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 Definitions

Momentum  or [N.s]
 
Impulse =F ( -=
Force-momentum relation

Elastic Collision
 
Inelastic Collision
Here; is other forms of energy

Both elastic and inelastic collisions conserve momentum

 
Elastic Collision
Inelastic Collision

Kinetic energy is not conserved in an inelastic collisions

 Exploding projectile after first stage burned out

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 Clicker question
A space capsule follows a circular orbit around a
planet. A shaped charge blows the capsule into
two fragments. As shown in the figure, one
fragment falls straight toward the planet's surface.
How does the other fragment move right after the
explosion?

a) It continues on the circular

orbit of the original capsule.
b) It moves straight away from
the planet.
c) It moves up and to the
right.
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Examples of 1D Collisions
m M

M
m

Momentum Conservation
 Elastic Collision

Momentum : m1v1  m2 v 2  m1v1'  m2 v 2'

1 1 1 2 1 2
Kinetic Energy : m1v12  m2 v22  m1v1'  m2 v2'
2 2 2 2
Momentum Conservation
Energy Conservation

K 1,i  K 2,i  K 1, f  K 2, f

K 1,i  K 2,i  K 1, f  K 2, f  Q

Loss of energy as thermal and

other forms of energy
Momentum Conservation
 Example 2

Before collision After collision

(totally inelastic collision)

m v 1 + m v 2 = m v 1’ + m v 2’
v1’ = v2’
Momentum Conservation
 Railroad cars, locking up after the collision
Find; when =0.
 

 
case
Kinetic energy in inelastic collision;

Kinetic energy is reduced after the collision

How to fire a rifle to reduce recoil

What is the recoil of the rifle?

 
Given; ; and
  
Kinetic
Elastic Collision between different mass balls
energy conservation

Momentum conservation

Note:single subscript before collision

double subscript after collision
special case: object B initially at rest

(1)
(2)

Divide equation (1) and (2);

-= in general-=-)

; and
; when
For ;
(initial velocity) remember playing billiard ( pool)
   Elastic Collision between different mass balls
Kinetic energy conservation
Object B is at rest before collision
Momentum conservation

(1)
(2)

Divide equation (1) and (2);

; and
; when
For ;
(initial velocity) remember playing billiard ( pool)
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

Momentum Conservation
Elastic Collision on a air track
 Elastic Collision on an air track
Momentum conservation;
 

Note: Relative velocity changes sign in an elastic collision.

Now;

Kinetic energy in elastic collision (energy conservation as expected);  

 An Explosion Considered Backward in
Time – Figure 8.8
• Refer to the worked example on page 228.

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Inelastic Collision on an air track
 Inelastic Collision on an air track
a) Find the final velocity of the joint on an air track.
 
(towards the right and together)

b) Find the total kinetic energy before the collision.

Total before collision is 1.61 J

c) Find the total kinetic energy after the collision

d) Compare the kinetic energies.

times larger than after the collision

e) Where did this energy go?

Extra energies converted to the thermal energy after collision
 Impulsive Force
[Example] an impulsive force on
a baseball that is struck with a bat
has:

<F> ~ 5000 N & Dt ~ 0.01 s

Very large magnitude

Impulsive Force
Very short time
[Note] The “impulse’’ concept
is most useful for impulsive
forces.
Momentum Conservation
 Impulse-Momentum Theorem
F (t )

F
|J |

  
 p p f - pi
F  
t t f - ti
  
J  F  ( t f - ti )  p f - pi
Momentum Conservation
Bend your legs while landing
 
Given; m=70kg and h=3m

a) What is the velocity just before landing?

 ( is landing velocity)

What is the impulse during landing?

b) What is the average force while landing?

Stiff- legged: Total displacement of body during landing is d=1cm

and

Soft (bent) -legged: Total displacement of body during landing is d=0.5m

and
The average force is about 50 times less for the bent landing.
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 Clicker question

When you catch a softball, you reduce the impact

by letting your hand move backward during the
catch. This works mainly because

a) you increase the time over which the ball slows.

b) you reduce the ball's speed relative to your glove.
c) you reduce the impulse delivered to your glove.

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 Ballistic Pendulum
Express v and v’ in terms of
m, M, g, and h.
(A) Momentum Conservation

(A) mv = (m+M) v’
(B) K1+Ug1 = K2+Ug2

2
1

(B) Energy Conservation

Momentum Conservation
 Ballistic Pendulum (cont.)
• A bullet of mass m and velocity Vo
plows into a block of wood with
mass M which is part of a
pendulum.
– How high, h, does the block of
wood go?
– Is1-collision
Two parts: the collision elastic is
(momentum orconserved)
inelastic?
2-from low point (after collision) to high
point: conservation of energy

1st part: x : m v 0  (M  m) v' mv

 v' 
y : 00 00 (M  m)

2nd part: E bottom  E top

 1 
(M  m)(v') 2  0  0  (M  m)gh
2
1 m 2 v2
 h  (v')  2

2g 2g(m  M) 2
 Ballistic Pendulum numerical example

 (Unknowns are and ) (Given and )

Obtain from the height of the ballistic pendulum swing?

Momentum conservation. ()

Conservation of energy.

Energy of bullet;

Energy of bullet and block;

 friction. What is the velocity of the bullet ?
A bullet is fired into a wooden block, which slides to a certain distance and then comes to rest due to

(Given , , and )

Momentum conservation. ()

and
Conservation of energy.


 Example 8.8 Accident analysis
 (Given , , and )
Conservation of momentum


 and
(Velocity of wreckage)
 Throwing a package overboard

(Given: , , and )
 

 go (rebound
Find the speed of the blocks after collision. (assume elastic collision). How far up does the smaller block
height)? (Given , , and )

a) Energy and Momentum conservation ()

 (speed of small block before collision)

and

b) Rebound height

 and
 
Find the impulse and the average force on the ball, assuming a collision time

a) Given; and

b) The components of the average force on the ball


 Center of Mass (CM)
What is the “Center of Mass?”
• More importantly “Why do we
care?”
• This is a special point in space
where “it’s as if the object could
be replaced by all the mass at
that one little point”
 Center of mass

Center of Mass (c.m. or CM)

The overall motion of a mechanical system

can be described in terms of a special point
called “center of mass” of the system:
 
Fsystem  M system a cm

where Fsystem is the vector sum of all the
forces exerted on the system.

Momentum Conservation
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 How do you calculate CM?
1. Pick an origin
2. Look at each “piece of mass” and figure
out how much mass it has and how far it
is (vector displacement) from the origin.
Take mass times position
3. Add them all up and divide out by the
sum of the masses
The center of mass is a displacement vector
“relative to some origin”
 Spelling out the math:
 
 m1x1 m2x2
Xcmfor2particles
m1 m2

  
 m1x1 m2x2 m3x3
Xcmfor3particles 
m1 m2 m3
  
m1x1 m2x2 m3x3
M
etc...

Notethatx is the3- D vector displaceme
nt
Momentum Conservation
 CM Position (2D)
 
m3

ycm = 0.50 m X

m 1 + m2

X
m1 xcm = 1.33 m m2 + m3

 
 Total momentum in terms of mass
    
Mvcm  ma va  mb vb  mc vc  ...  p
Motion of center of mass
    
Macm  ma aa  mb ab  mc ac  ...   Fext
Momentum Conservation
 Collision In a Horizontal Plane –
Example 8.5
• Refer to the worked example on page 227.

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 Energy in an Inelastic Collision – Figure 8.11

• Refer to the worked example on page 230.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.