CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PALANA

TRADE:PMBT

MODULE:1

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
MODULE:1:BASIC FITTING AND
MEASUREMENT

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
LESSON NO: 1
METROLOGY

METROLOGY is define as a measurement of length

and angles and other such quantities which are
expressed in linear and angular measurement.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
IMPORTANTCE OF METROLOGY

 To achieve quality control in production

 To achieve up to date production, knowledge of The
measurement require.
 To reduce rejection with the help of quality control.
 To develop inspection procedure .
 To calibrate measuring instrument time to time

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
TERMS USED IN METROLOGY

 SPECIFICATION:
Every product and part have some certain characteristics
.It gives certain thoughts of that particular product. Its
called specification. It gives easy to understand production
method.
STANDARD :
Standard is define as , it is a physical quantity which is
established by higher authority or organization .This
standard is reliable and acceptable to measure physical
quantity. Ex. METER
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Palana.
LENGTH STANDARD

THERE ARE TWO STNDARD SYSTEM TO

MEASURE LENGTH
1.BRITISH SYSTEM: INCH,FOOT,YARD

2.METRIC SYSTEM: MM,CM,METER

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
LESSION NO:2

UNIT OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT:

1.British system : mile
yard
foot (‘)
inch (“)
2.metric system: kilometer
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter
3.S.I. System : meter

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Palana.
CONVERSION

BRITISH SYSTEM: 12 inch=1 foot

36 inch=1 yard
3 foot=1 yard
1760 yard=1mile
METRIC SYSTEM:1000micron=1mm
10mm=1cm
10cm =1decimeter
10decm=1meter
1000meter=1kilometer
Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
S.I.SYSTEM

As per S.I.System fundamental unit of length is METER

1.METER=1000MM
1CENTIMETER=10MM
1MILIMETER=1000MICRON
1MICRON=0.001MM

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
 LESSION NO:3
ORDINARY MEASURING INSTRUMENT

THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT

1. DIRECT MEASURING
Steel rule
Ordinary depth gauge
Protector gauge
2. IN DIRECT MEASURING
Out side caliper
Inside caliper
Jenny caliper
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Palana.
ENGINEERING STEEL RULE

When dimension are given in a drawing without any

indication about the tolerance ,it has to be assumed that
measurement are to be made with steel rule.
MATERIL: It is made from spring steel or stainless
steel

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
 CONSTRUCTION:

The edges are accurately ground to form straight edge.

The surface of steel rule is satin chrome finished to
reduce glove and prevent rusting.
ACCURACE: Reading accuracy of steel rule is 0.5mm in
metric system and 1/64” in British system
SIZE OF STEEL RULE: Steel rule are available in
different length .The common size being
150mm,300mm,600mm.
The steel rule graduated in
10 mm,5mm,1mm,0.5mm Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
MEASURING WITH A STEEL RULE
The figure given below shows the method of using a try square and
steel rule for accurate measurement. For accurate readings, it is
necessary to read vertically and avoid errors arising out of parallax.

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Palana.
IMPORTANT SAFETY

For maintaining the accuracy of a steel rule ,it is

important to see to it that its edges and surfaces are protected
from damage and rust.
Do not place a steel rule with any cutting tools. Apply a
thin layer of oil when not in use.

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Palana.
CALIPERS

Caliper are simple measuring instruments used to transfer

measurement from a steel rule to objects, and vice versa.
Calipers are of different types depending on the type of the
joint and the shape of the leg .

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
TYPES OF JOINTS

The commonly used caliper are

firm joint calipers and spring joint
caliper
FIRM JOINT CALIPER: In the case
of firm joint calipers ,both legs are
pivoted at one end. To take
measurem-ent of a workpiece,the
caliper is opened roughly to the
required size. Fine setting is done by
tapping the caliper lightly on a
wooden surface.

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Palana.
 SPRING JOINT CALIPER

For this type of calipers, the legs

are assembled by means of a pivot
loaded with a spring. For opening
and closing the caliper legs, a
screw and nut are provided.
Spring joint calipers have the
advantage of quick setting. The
setting made will not change un
less the nut is turned. The size of a
caliper is specified by its length
,which is the distance between the
pivot centre and the tip of the leg Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
 TYPES OF LEG
Out side and inside calipers are differentiated by the shape of the legs.
Calipers used for out side measurements are known

as out side calipers. The

calipers used for internal
meas-urements are known as
in side caliper.
Caliper are used along with OUT SIDE

steel rule ,and the accuracy is

limited to 0.5 mm; parallelism
of jobs etc.can be checked
with higher accuracy by using IN SIDE
calipers.
Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
LESSON NO :4
PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

TYPES OF MEASURING
INSTRUMENT:
1.VERNIER CALIPER. 5.MICRO METER IN
2.VERNIER SIDE
DEPTHGAUGE 6.MICRO METER
3.VERNIER HEIGHT DEPTH GAUGE
GAUGE 7.DIAL CALIPER
4.MICRO METER OUT 8.DIAL INDICATOR
SIDE
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Palana.
VERNIER CALIPER

A vernier caliper is a precision measuring instrument. It is

used to measure up to an accuracy of 0.02 mm .
MATIRIAL: It is made from nickel chromium steel
USE: Vernier caliper is use to measure out side ,inside, depth
of the size.

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Palana.
PARTS OF A VERNIER CALIPER

FIXED JAWS(1 AND 2) :Fixed jaws are part of the

beam scale one jaw is used for taking external
measurement ,and the other for internal measurement.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CLIPER
MOVABLE JAWS: Movable jaws are part of the vernier slide. One jaw is
used for external measure-ments,

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

VERNIER SLIDE: A vernier slide moves over

the beam and can be set in any position by
means of a spring –loaded thumb leven.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

BEAM: The vernier slide , and the depth bar

attached to it, slide over the beam. The
graduation on the beam are called the main
scale division.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

DEPTH BAR: The depth bar is attached to the

vernier slide and is used for depth
measurement.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CLIPERS

THUMB LEVER: The thumb lever is a spring

loaded lever which helps to set the vernier slab
in any position on the beam scale.

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Palana.
 PARTS OF VERNIER CALLIPER

VERNIER SCALE: The vernier scale is the

graduation marked on the vernier slide. The
divisions of this scale are called vernier divisions.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

MAIN SCALE: Main scale graduations or divisions

are marked on the beam.

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Palana.
SIZE OF VERNIER CALLIPER

Vernier calipers are available in size of 150 mm, 225

mm, 900 mm and 1200 mm. The selection of the size
depends on the measurements to be taken. Vernier
calipers are precision instruments, and extreme care
should be taken while handing them.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
IMPORTANT

Never use a vernier caliper for any purpose other than

measuring. Vernier calipers should be used only to
measure machined or filed surfaces. They should
never be mixed with any other tools. Clean the
instrument after use, and store it in a box.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
GRADUATIONS AND READING OF VERNIER
CALIPERS

Vernier calipers are available with different accura-cies.

The selection of the vernier caliper depend on the
accuracy needed and the size of the job to be mea-sured.
This accuracy/least count is determined by the gra-
duation of the main scale and the vernier scale division.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
DETERMINING THE LEAST COUNT

In the verner caliper shown in fig the main scale division

(9mm) are divided in to 10 equal parts in the vernier scale.
i.e. one main scale division =1mm
(MSD)
one vernier scale division =9/10mm
(VSD)
Least count is 1 mm-9/10 =1/10mm
The difference between one MSD and one VSD=0.1mm
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Palana.
LEAST COUNT

VERIER CALIPER WITH 0.02MM LEAST COUNT IS GENERLY USED IM WORK

SHOP.
In this vernier caliper main scale division (49mm) are divided in to 50 equal part in the vernier
scale.
i.e. 1 main scale division =1 mm
(MSD)
1. vernier scale division =49\50 mm
(VSD)
Least count is 1mm – 49\50 =1\50 mm
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1.MSD and 1. VSD=0.02MM

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
EXAMPLE OF READING

Main scale reading =35mm

The vernier division coinciding with the main scale is the 20 th division. Value=20 multiplied by
0.02=0.20mm.
Total reading is 35mm+0.20= 35.20mm

Industrial Training Institute,

35.20 mm Palana.
2.VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

A vernier depth is very commonly used precision

instrument for measuring depth of holes recesses, slot and
step.
Its construction and method of reading are similar
to those of a vernier caliper.

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Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

Base (1), Graduated

beam (2), Clamping
screw (3), Fine
adjustment mechan-
ism (4) and Vernier
scale (5).

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Palana.
COUNSTERACTION OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

The base (anvil) is the fixed unit and serves as a

datum for measurement. It also carries the vernier scale
and the fine adjustment mechanism.
The beam with the main scale graduations is the
sliding member or part
Fine adjustments for measurement are made after
tightening the clamping screw and the fine adjustment
mechanism.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
USES OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

While taking
measurements the base
should be firmly held against
the reference surface. The
relief given at the end of the
beam of some vernier height
gauges is to avoid the seating
in the corners of slots and to
ensure correct reading.

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Palana.
IMPORTANT

REMOVE BURRS, IF ANY, BEFORE

TAKING MEASUREMENTS. EXCESSIVE
PRESSURE ON THE BEAM, WHILE TAKING
MEASUREMENTS WILL LIFT THE BASE FROM
THE REFERENCE SURFACE AND WILL SHOW
WRONG MEASUREMENTS.

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Palana.
3.VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

Accurate measurements are important in layout (marking

off) and inspection work.
Vernier height gauges are particularly suitable for marking
off accurate distances, and centre location.
The graduations and readings are the same as
those of avernier caliper.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
PARTS OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

The main parts of a vernier height

gauge and their function are given.
1.base
2. beam
3.vernier slide
4. fine setting device
5. vernier plate
6. locking screws
7. scriber
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Palana.
ZERO SETTING OF THE VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

The offset scriber permits zero setting instrument from the

datum surface. While using a straight scriber, the zero setting of the
instrument is at a level above the datum surface. In this case the zero
setting is to be checked using the precision round block, supplied
along with the instrument. Vernier height gauges with which we can
measure from the datum surface without the special offset scribers
are also available.
SIZE: The size of the vernier height gauge is stated by the
height of the beam. The most commonly used size has a beam of 300
mm height.
Vernier height gauges are used with surfaceIndustrial
plates Training
or other accurate
Institute,
flat surface. Palana.
4:MICRO METER OUTSIDE

A micro meter is a precision instrument used to

measure a job, generally within an accuracy of
0.01mm.Micrometer used to take the outside
measurements are know as outside micrometer.

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Palana.
PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE

FRAME: The frame is made of drop forge steel or malleable cast iron.
All other part of the micrometer are attached to this.
BARREL/SLEEVE: The barrel or sleeve is fix to the frame. The datum
line and graduation are marked on this.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE

SPINDLE: One end of the spindle is the measuring face. The other end is
threaded and passes through a nut. The threaded mechanism allows for
the forward and backward movement of the spindle.
SPINDLE LOCK NUT: The spindle lock nut is used to lock the spindle at
a desired position.

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Palana.
PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE

THIMBLE: On the beveled surface of the thimble also,

graduation is marked. The spindle is attached to this.
ANVIL: The anvil is one of the measuring faces which is
fitted on the micrometer frame. It is made of alloy steel and
finished to a perfectly flat surface.

RATCHETSTOP: The ratchet

stop ensures a uniform
pressure betw-een the
measuring surface.
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Palana.
GRADUATION OF MICROMETER

WOKING PRINCIPLE: The micrometer works on the

principle of screw and nut .The longitudinal movement of
the spindle during one rotation is equal to the pitch of the
screw. The movement of the spindle to the distance of the
pitch or its fractions can be accurately measured on the
barrel and thimble.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
GRADUATION

In metric micrometer the pitch of the spindle thread is

0.5mm. Thereby ,in one rotation of the thimble, the spindle
advances by 0.5 mm.
On the barrel a 25 mm long datum line is mar-ked. This
line is further graduated to millimeters and half millimeters
(i.e. 1 mm& 0.5 mm).

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Palana.
 GRADUATION

The graduations are numbered as 0,5,10,15,20&25 mm

The circumference of the bevel edge of the thimble is graduated in to 50
division and marked 0-5-10-15……40-50 in a clockwise direction. The
distance moved by the spindle during one rotation of the thimble is 0.5 mm.
Movement of

One division of the thimble =0.5

1/50
=0.01 mm

ACCURACY= 0.01mm
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Palana.
READING WITH OUTSIDE MICROMETER

RANGES OF O.S. MICROMETER: Outside

micrometer are available in ranges of 0 to 25mm,
25 to 50mm, 50 to75mm, 75 to
100mm,100to125mm, 125 to 150mm. For all
range of micrometer, the graduations marked on
the barrel is only 0-25 mm.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
READING OF OUT SIDE MICROMETER

First note the minimum rang of the outside micro –

Meter . While measuring with a 50to75mm micrometer, note it as 50mm.Then read the barrel graduation.
Read the value of the visible line on the left of the thimble edge. See below fig. i.e. main div.= 13.00 sub
div.=0.5 mm so, total =13.50mm. Next read the thimble gradua- tions in line with the barrel datum line,
13th div. Multiply this value with 0.01mm, 13 0.01mm=0.13mm
so, barrel reading=13.50
thimble reading=00.13
total =13.63 mm

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Palana.
 DEPTH MICROMETERS

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES : The depth micrometer consists of a stock on which a

graduated sleeve is fitted.
The other end of the sleeve is threaded with a 0.5 mm pitch ‘v’ thread.
A thimble which is internally threaded to the same pitch and from, mates with the
threaded sleeve and slides over it.
The other end of the thimble has
an external step machined and threaded
to accommodate a thimble cap.

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Palana.
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

A set of extension road is generally

supplied. On each of them the range
of sizes that can be measured with
that road, is engraved as 0-25,25-
50,50-75,75-100, 100-125,125-150.
This extension road can be inserted
in side the spindle and the sleeve.
The extension rods have a collar-
head which helps
the road to be held firmly.

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Palana.
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE

The measuring faces of

the stock and the rods are
hardened, tempered and
ground. The measuring face
of the stock is perfectly
machined flat. The extension
roads may be removed and
replaced according to the
size of depth to be measured. Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
GRADUATION

On the sleeve a datum line is marked for a

length of 25 mm.this is divided into 25
equal part and graduated,each line
representing one millimeter. each

Fifth line is drawn a little longer and

numbered. Each line representing 1mm is
further subdivided into two equal part.Hance
each sub-division represents 0.5 mm. The
graduation are numbered in the reverse
direction to that marked on an outside
micrometer………
Industrial Training Institute,
Palana.
 GRADUATION

The zero graduation of the sleeve is on

the top and the 25mm graduation near
the stock. The bevel edge of-
the thimble is also graduated. The
circumference is equally divided into 50
equal parts and every 5th division line is
drawn a little longer and numbered. The
numbering is in the reverse direction
and increases from 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45 and 50 (0).
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LEAST COUNT

The advancement of the extension rod for one full turn of

the thimble is one pitch which is 0.5 mm Therefore the
advancement of the extension rod for one division
movement of the thimble will be equal to 0.5/50
=0.01mm. This will be the smallest measurement that can
be taken with this instrument, and so, this is the least
count of this instrument.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
USES OF DEPTH MICROMETER

Depth micrometers are special micrometers used

to measure
The depth of holes.
The depth of grooves and recesses
The heights of shoulders or projections.

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
LESSION NO:5:COMBINATION SET

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.
TYPES OF CUTS

basically there are four types. Single cut, double cut, rasp cut
and curved cut

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SINGLE CUT FILE

A single cut file has rows of teeth cut in one direction

across its face. The teeth are at an angle of 60 to the
center line. it can cutchips as wide as the cut of the file.
Files with this cut are useful for filing soft metals like
brass, aluminum, bronze and copper.`

Industrial Training Institute,

Palana.