Lesson 6 Immunology

LESSON 6
IMMUNOLOGY
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSE OF HOST
• Microorganisms are endowed with special abilities to

enable them to cause disease. If we are not able to resist
them, we would constantly be sick and the body will die.
The body’s response is to keep them out, remove them if
they get in, and combat then if they remain inside.
• RESISTANCE- the ability of the body to ward off disease

• SUSCEPTIBILITY- vulnerability or lack of resistance
• NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE- defenses that protect us
against any pathogens regardless of what the specie
maybe
MECHANICAL FACTOR
1. Skin
2. Mucous Membrane
3. Lacrimal apparatus
4. Saliva
5. Mucus
6. Ciliary escalator
7. Epiglottis
8. Urine
9. Vaginal secretions
CHEMICAL FACTORS
1.Sebum
2.Perspiration
3.Gastric Juices
4.Vaginal Secretions
NOTE: The body’s normal flora helps control the pathogens

from colonizing the body by competing with them for the
nutrients, producing substances harmful to pathogens (e.g.
E. coli produces bacteriocins which prevents the growth of
salmonella and shigella) or alter conditions that affect the
growth of other microorganisms (e.g. normal flora in the
vagina helps maintain the acidity of the vagina to prevent
overpopulation of Candida albicans which causes vaginitis)
• Phagocytosis
• Phagocytes
• Leukocytes
• Leukocytosis
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
a. Granulocytes- with granules
• i. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
• ii. Eosinophils
• iii. Basophils
b. Agranulocytes- without granule
• i. Lymphocytes
• ii. Monocytes
Mononuclear Phagocytic System (Reticuloenclothelial

System)
1. Wandering macrophages
2. Fixed macrophages
• Note: During the initial phase of infection, neutrophlis dominate

the area. As the infection progress, macrophages dominate. They
MECHANISMS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
1. Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion
• inflammation — a host's response to tissue

damage characterized by redness, pain, heat, and
swelling. A 5th characteristic, loss of function, can
also appear depending on the extent of damage.
FUNCTIONS OF INFLAMMATION
1. To destroy injurious agents, if possible, and to

remove them and their by-products from the body
2. If destruction is not possible, to limit the effects
on the body by roe-firming or walling off the
injurious agent
3. To repair or replace tissue damaged by the
injurious agents or its by-products
• Vasodilation — increase in the diameter of the
blood vessels. This increases the blood flow in
the damaged area. it is responsible for the
redness (erythema) and heat associated with
inflammation. It also delivers clotting elements
of the blood to the injured area Blood clots that
form in the site prevents the microorganism or
its by-products from spreading to different parts
of the body
SUBSTANCES THAT FACILITATE
VASODILATION
1. Kinins
2. Histamines
3. Prostaglandin
THE DUALITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Humoral (Antibody-mediated) Immunity- involves the
prods on of antibodies that against foreign organisms and
substances. These antibodies are found in extracellular
fluids, such as blood plasma, lymph, and mucus secretions.
Cells called B cells (or B-lymphocytes) are responsible for
the production of antibodies. The humoral immune response
defends, primarily against bacteria, bacteria toxins and
viruses that are circulating freely in the body's fluid. It is
also factor in some reactions against transplanted tissue.
THE DUALITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Cell-Mediated Immunity — involves specialized phagocytes
called T cells (or T lymphocytes) that act against foreign
organisms of tissue. T cell also regulates the activation and
proliferation of Other immune system cells such as
macrophages, the cell-mediated immune response is most
effective against bacteria and viruses located within
phagocytic or infected host cells, and against protozoa,
fungi, and helminths. This system is the primary response to
transplanted tissue. Cell mediated immunity mounts a
response to reject the foreign tissue.
Apoptosis
Necrotic death
Self tolerance
B cells encounter and bind to antigen
B cells responds to antigen by proliferating
B cells clones itself
Some B cells differentiate into long-lived memory

cells
Other B cells differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation

PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS OF BINDING
ANTIBODIES TO ANTIGEN
1. Agglutination
2.Opsonization
3.Neutralization
4.Antibody-dependent
5.Inflammation
6.Activation of the complement system
TYPES OF T-CELLS
1. Helper T-cells (TH)

2.Cytotoxic T-cells (TC)
3.Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells (TD)
4.Suppressor T-cells (TS)
5.Natural Killer Cells (NK)
OTHER NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
Interferons (IFNs)
The Complement System
Antigens
1.IgG – 80% of all antibodies in the serum
2.IgM- 5-10% of antibodies in the serum
3.IgA- 10-15% of antibodies in the serum
4.IgD – 0.2% of total serum antibody
5.IgE- 0.002% of total serum antibody
Note: An individual maybe to respond to as many as 100M
different antigens
Antibody Titer
1. Primary response
2. Secondary (memory or anamnestic)
Chemotherapy
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial
Note: In therapeutics, There is NO benefit to distinguish

between antibiotic and antimicrobial and the two words are
often used interchangeably
HOW IS SELECTIVE TOXICITY
ACHIEVED?
A. Disruption of Bacterial Cell Wall

B. Inhibition of an Enzyme Unique to
the Bacteria
C. Disruption of Bacterial Protein
Synthesis
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL
DRUG
A. By Susceptible Organisms
1. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
2. Broad spectrum antibiotics
THREE MAJOR GROUPS
3. Antibacterial
4. Antifungal
5. Antiviral
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG
B. By Mechanism of Action
1. Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis
2. Drugs that increase cell membrane
permeability
3. Drugs that cause non-lethal inhibition of
bacterial synthesis of nucleic acid
(Bactericidal).
4. Drugs that cause non-lethal inhibitions of
protein (bacteriostatic)
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL
DRUG
B. By Mechanism of Action
5. Drugs that inhibit bacterial
synthesis of nucleic acids
6. Antimetabolites
7. Inhibitors of viral enzymes
8. Inhibitor of mycolic acid synthesis
Bactericidal Drugs
Bacteriostatic Drugs
Acquired Resistance to
Antimicrobial Drugs
How Antibiotics Promote

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LESSON 6

• Microorganisms are endowed with special abilities to

• RESISTANCE- the ability of the body to ward off disease

NOTE: The body’s normal flora helps control the pathogens

Mononuclear Phagocytic System (Reticuloenclothelial

• Note: During the initial phase of infection, neutrophlis dominate

• inflammation — a host's response to tissue

1. To destroy injurious agents, if possible, and to

B cells responds to antigen by proliferating

B cells clones itself

Some B cells differentiate into long-lived memory

Other B cells differentiate into plasma cells

Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation

1. Helper T-cells (TH)

The Complement System

Note: In therapeutics, There is NO benefit to distinguish

A. Disruption of Bacterial Cell Wall

How Antibiotics Promote

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