Structured Query Language (SQL)

Prepared by: Raquel Ofreneo

Objectives

After completing this section, you should be able to:

 Understand Structured Query Language (SQL) and its purpose
 Create and execute a basic SELECT statement
 Create and execute a basic INSERT statement
 Create and execute a basic UPDATE statement
 Create and execute a basic DELETE statement
 Execute COMMIT and ROLLBACK on transaction

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What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard interactive programming
language for getting information from and updating to a database.
Statements take the form of a command language that lets you:
 SELECT data
 INSERT data
 UPDATE data
 DELETE data

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Guidelines in writing SQL Statements
 SQL statements are not case-sensitive
 SQL statements can be on one or more lines
 SQL statements are optionally ended with “;”
 Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines
 Clauses are usually placed on separate lines
 Indents are used to enhance readability
 Keywords are typically entered in uppercase; all other words such as table
name and columns are entered in lower case

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Basic SELECT Statement
Use the SELECT statement to retrieve data from one or more tables:

SELECT <column(s) >

FROM <table>
[WHERE <condition>]
[ORDER BY <column(s) [ASC|DESC]>]
table is the name of the table

column is the name of the column in the table to be

selected

condition identifies the rows to be selected and is composed

of column names, expressions, constraints,
sub-queries and comparison operators
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column is the name of the column(s) used for sorting

(order by)
Choosing Columns
 To choose all the columns of the table for display, you can use the asterisk (*)

SELECT * FROM TABLE_A

 To choose specific columns on the table for display, you specify each column
separated by a comma (,)

SELECT COLUMN_1, COLUMN_2

FROM TABLE_A

 It is best to put each column chosen in a separate line

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Choosing Columns

SELECT *
FROM departments;

SELECT department_id, location_id

FROM departments
Limiting Rows
 The
method of restriction is the basis of the
WHERE clause in SQL
 Characterstrings and dates in the WHERE clause
must be enclosed in Single Quotation Marks (‘)
 Numeric Values do not need the Single Quotation
marks(‘)

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Rows may be limited by:
 EQUALS CONDITION
 Display rows based on an exact match of values.

SELECT last_name,
salary
FROM employee
WHERE salary = 30000
SELECT employee_id,
last_name
FROM employee
WHERE manager_name = ‘Taylor’
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Rows may be limited by:
 >, < or <> CONDITION

SELECT last_name, salary

FROM employee
WHERE salary < 40000
SELECT employee_id, manager_name
FROM employee
WHERE manager_name <= ‘Taylor’
SELECT employee_id, status
FROM employee
WHERE status <> ‘ACTIVE’
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Rows may be limited by:
 BETWEEN CONDITION
 Display rows based on a range of values

SELECT last_name, salary

FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000
• IN CONDITION
• Display rows based on a list of values

SELECT employee_id, manager_id

FROM employee
WHERE manager_id IN (100, 200, 300) 11
Rows may be limited by:
 LIKE CONDITION
 Perform wildcard searches of valid search string values
 Can contain either literal characters or numbers
%, * denotes zero or many characters
_ denotes one character
 Use ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual % and
_symbols. Identifies the backslash(\) as the escape character

SELECT last_name
FROM employee
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘K*’
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Rows may be limited by:
 LOGICAL CONDITION
 AND, OR, NOT

SELECT last_name, job_id

FROM employee
WHERE job_id NOT IN
('SA_REP', 'MK_REP', 'SA_MAN')
SELECT last_name,
job_id, salary
FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT between 30000 AND 70000
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Rows may be limited by:
 LOGICAL CONDITION
 AND, OR, NOT

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary

FROM employee
WHERE salary >= 50000
AND job_id LIKE ‘*MAN*‘

SELECT last_name,
job_id,
FROM employee
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL 14
Sorting Rows
 ORDER BY clause
 ASC specifies an ascending order
 DESC specifies a descending order
SELECT last_name,
salary,
job_id
FROM employee
ORDER BY salary DESC, job_id ASC
• Display the result in descending order by the attribute
salary. If two records have the same attribute value, the
salary sorting criteria is in ascending order according to the
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attribute values of job_id

Basic INSERT Statement
INSERT INTO <table>
[ (column
[, column…] ) ]
VALUES (value
[, value…] )

table is the name of the table

column is the name of the column in the table to
populate
value is the corresponding value for the column

Note: This statement with the VALUES 16

clause adds only one row at a time to a table.

Basic INSERT Statement
 Insert a new row containing values for each column
 List values in the default order of the columns in the table
 Option: list the columns in the INSERT clause
 Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks

INSERT INTO departments ( department_id,

department_name, manager_id, location_id)
VALUES (70,
‘Public Relations’,
200, 1800)
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Inserting Rows from Another Table
 Write your INSERT statement with a subquery
 Do not use the VALUES clause
 Match the number of columns in the INSERT clause to those in the subquery

INSERT INTO sales_reps ( id,

name,
salary)
SELECT employee_id,
last_name,
salary
FROM employee 18

WHERE job_id LIKE ‘*REP*’

Basic UPDATE Statement
UPDATE table
SET column = value
[, column = value, …]
[WHERE condition]

table is the name of the table

column name of the column in the table to populate

value corresponding value for the column

condition identifies the rows to be updated and is

composed of column names, expressions, 19

constraints, sub-queries, and comparison

 Updating Rows in a Table

 Specific row or rows are modified if you specify the WHERE clause

UPDATE employee
 SET
All rows inmanager_id = 800 if you omit the WHERE clause
the table are modified
WHERE employee_id = 10

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 Updating Rows in a Table

 Values for all the rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE
clause

UPDATE employee
SET manager_id = 700
 All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause

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 Updating Two Columns with a Subquery
 Update employee 113’s job and salary to match those of employee 205

UPDATE employee
SET job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employee
WHERE employee_id = 205)
salary = (SELECT salary
FROM employee
WHERE employee_id = 205)
WHERE employee_id = 113
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Basic DELETE Statement
DELETE [FROM] table
[WHERE condition] ;

table is the name of the table

condition identifies the rows to be updated and is

composed of column names, expressions,
constraints, sub-queries, and comparison
operators

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 Deleting Rows in a Table

 A specific row or specific rows are deleted if you specify the WHERE
clause

DELETE FROM employee

WHERE employee_id = 10 ;

 All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause
DELETE FROM employee;

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 Deleting Rows Based on Another Table
 Use subqueries in DELETE statements to delete rows in a table based on values
from another table

DELETE FROM employee

WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_name
LIKE ‘%Public%’)

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Key Points

 SQL is an industry standard language for updating, and getting information

from, a database
 The basic and most common SQL statements are: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE

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Comments & Questions

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