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2020 - L1 - Intro To Qualitative Methods

This document provides guidance for an individual qualitative research project assessing the impact of COVID19 on a specific job title. Students are instructed to choose a job title and theoretical lens, develop 2 research questions, collect 5 pieces of qualitative data including one interview using a 5 question protocol, analyze the data, identify themes, and summarize key findings. Qualitative research is described as seeking to understand organizational actors' interpretations through nuanced data. Rigor is achieved through triangulation, peer debriefing, and ensuring transparency in research design, data collection/analysis, and connecting findings to conclusions.

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Saurabh Peshattiwar
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31 views

2020 - L1 - Intro To Qualitative Methods

This document provides guidance for an individual qualitative research project assessing the impact of COVID19 on a specific job title. Students are instructed to choose a job title and theoretical lens, develop 2 research questions, collect 5 pieces of qualitative data including one interview using a 5 question protocol, analyze the data, identify themes, and summarize key findings. Qualitative research is described as seeking to understand organizational actors' interpretations through nuanced data. Rigor is achieved through triangulation, peer debriefing, and ensuring transparency in research design, data collection/analysis, and connecting findings to conclusions.

Uploaded by

Saurabh Peshattiwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Qualitative Methods

Introduction and Data Sources


Assessment: Individual Project
Conduct a mini qualitative project using a variety of qualitative data types and write a short report.

Process
• Research Question: How has COVID19 impacted work for a [job title]? *[choose a job title which interests
you and for which you can conduct an interview]
• Choose an appropriate theoretical lens: Sustainability, International Management, Other
•  Articulate two research questions
•  Collect five different pieces of qualitative data (including one interview)
•  Design an interview protocol with five main questions (add as an appendix)**
• **Optionally: You can work as a small group (2-3) to design a common interview protocol and include five questions for
each person/topic. This would give you additional interview data to analyse. You would only analyse your specific five
questions for each interview. Your job title would need to be the same and your lens similar.
•  Analyse all the data
•  Identify key themes relevant to the research questions
•  Summarize your key findings
Qualitative Organisational Research

“seeks to collect the interpretations given by


organisational actors to aspects and events of
organisational life, emphasizing the nuances that
emerge from them.”
(Strati, 2000: 134)
The Research Onion
Recap: Qualitative Design
Complete the Questionnaire

• Heightening your Awareness of your Research Philosophy (HARP);


(Brisotw and Saunders, 2014)
Seven Differences
1. Complex and interwoven variables….explores relationships
• Do you think that the social world is comprised of complex and interwoven variables OR do
you accept that something divorced from its wider environment is a sensible way to proceed?

2. No atheoretical observation language


• Qualitative built on observable phenomena
• Observation is theoretically grounded

3. Science is socially constructed


• Truth is socially and culturally constructed
• What is real to you is very different to what is real to a Tibetan Monk
Seven Differences
4. Primacy of subject matter
• Relationship between the researcher and matter
• Flexibility

5. Inductive and deductive logic


• Starting point differs
• Begins with observation and moves to descriptive understanding

6. Reliability and validity


• Reliability is not the goal – does not seek to generalise

7. Generalising from the research


• Qual is non-representative
• Generalisations are based on patterns in the data
Inductive to deductive….
Approach to Qualitative Research
• Exploratory…searching for novel ideas and concepts
• Explanatory….searching to explain why things happen
• Theory building
• Understanding and/or interpreting
“watching, asking or examining”
• Observation, interviews or documents…….
• “source of well-grounded rich descriptions and explanations of
processes in identifiable local contexts”
• (Miles & Huberman, 1994; 1)
• Based on meanings expressed through words
• Possibly with quant based on meanings derived from numbers
• ‘Thick’ description
• Non-standardised data
• Demanding analysis
Features
• Conducted through intense contact with the field
• Aims to contextualise phenomena under investigation
• Capture data on perceptions, meanings and relationships
• Method tends to be semi or unstructured
• Research generates themes – in participant voice from participants or informants
• Main task is to examine the ways people come to understand, give meaning to, take
action about certain situations
• Many interpretations possible – some better than others
• Theoretical reasons or internal consistency
• Researcher is main measurement device
• Most analysis is done with words and images
Contextualise Intense contact

Example: McCracken et al. (2017)


We employed an interpretative approach, conducting case studies in
three large UK organisations, which we named Insurance Co, Transit
Inc, and Energy Ltd. In total, we interviewed 55 stakeholders from
various functions and levels. In the case of Energy Ltd, we benefited
from longitudinal data as we conducted interviews twice, spanning a
five-year period (see Table 1). More specifically, we spoke with 21
LMPs and their HRBPs (from Transit Inc and Energy Ltd), as well as
three additional line managers who were not officially partnered
with a HRBP (Insurance Co). Interviews lasted between 60 and Semi Structured
75minutes, were semi-structured and asked participants to discuss
the role of HR in corporate strategy, the roles and responsibilities of
both HRBPs and LMPs, how these had changed, the quality of their
relationships, and any challenges related to their skills or Perceptions,
meaning and
competencies. Participant Voice Words relationships
Ways people come to understand,
Example: McCracken et al. (2017) give meaning to, take action about
certain situations

We then applied these concepts across the various HRBP–LMP


relationships within the three organisations to identify different
representations of the HRBP–LMP relationship. We employed an
interpretative approach to our data collection and analysis, which
‘assume[s] that people create and associate their own subjective and
intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them.
Interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena
through accessing the meanings participants assign to them’
(Orlikowski and Baroudi, 1991: 5). Therefore, we listened carefully to
the experiences of the participants to ascertain their perspective of the
HRBP–LMP dynamics to assist us in creating meaning about the range
of different relationships present across the three organisations.
Interpretation
Reflexivity
• Being honest about who you are and what you’ve done (confessions!)

• Reflexive research reflects upon and questions its own assumptions.


Researchers must self-consciously reflect upon what they did, why they
did it, and how they did it. The values of the researchers become an
explicit part of the research process.

• READ: Mortari, L. (2015). Reflectivity in research practice: An overview


of different perspectives. International Journal of Qualitative
Methods, 14(5).
Example: Walton et al (2019)

“During the interpretative process, the role and experience of the


research team is important (Walsham, 2006). Each of us reflected upon
and analysed the narrative from our respective disciplines, which
forced us to question our own and each other's interpretations.
Through such a critical and iterative process, the researchers
collectively began to see a pattern of thought within the participant
responses, which supported the design of two distinct scenarios.”
When would you use qualitative
research?
• What do you want to know?
• More you want to know about something in depth = qual

• From whom do you want it?


• More people want to talk to = quantitative

• How many resources do you have?


• Less time and money = quantitative
Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
• Chronological • Labour intensive
• See consequences of events • Prone to data overload
• Serendipitous findings • Possibility of researcher bias
• To new integrations
• Time demands of analysis
• Generate frameworks
• Positioning
• Convincing – stories told from
research • Generalizability
• Credibility of conclusions
Why I LOVE Qualitative
• Talking to people
• Exploring ideas
• Sense-making
• Creative design – lots of data
• Thinking and rethinking ideas
• Working with colleagues – discussion, ideas, learning
• Analysing data in different ways…thinking about communicating
effectively
Strategies
• Archival and documentary research – secondary data
• Case Study – in-depth enquiry into a topic or a phenomenon within a
real-life setting (Yin, 2018)
• Ethnography – studying the cultural or social world of a group
• Action Research – designing solutions to organisational problems
iteratively
• Grounded Theory – developing theoretical explanations of social
interactions and processes – through iterative data collection and analysis
• Narrative Enquiry – collecting complete stories
Data Sources
• In groups list ten sources of qualitative data you could use
Rigour

Trustworthiness Transparency
• Triangulation (sources, methods, • Design
investigators) • Measurement/Collection
• Peer debriefing • Analysis
• Prolonged engagement • Path from data to analytical
• Persistent observation methods to findings
• Member checks • Research reflexivity (as necessary)
• Assessment of trustworthiness
Summing up
• Qualitative research is concerned with the ‘soft’ side of organisation
(and everyday) life
• Sits in the interpretive paradigm
• What it is that you are interested in?
• What approach does your problem lend itself to?
• What is the best way to collect data in order to be able to address
your research problem?
For next week
• Assessment Prep: Decide on your theoretical lens, job and whether
you will work individual or as a group for interviews
• Data collection: Collect two sources of data which might be relevant
to the assessment.
• Article: Source a qualitative article in your area and assess if for
trustworthiness and transparency.

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