Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Describing Data:
Frequency Tables, Frequency

Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO1 Make a frequency table for a set of data.
LO2 Organize data into a bar chart.
LO3 Present a set of data in a pie chart.
LO4 Create a frequency distribution for a data set.
LO5 Understand a relative frequency distribution.
LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in
a histogram or frequency polygon.
2-2
LO1 Make a frequency
table for a set of data
Frequency Table and Frequency Distribution
FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data

into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.
Class interval: The class interval is

obtained by subtracting the lower limit
of a class from the lower limit of the
next class.
Class frequency: The number of
Class midpoint: A point that divides a
class into two equal parts. This is the
average of the upper and lower class
limits.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of data into mutually exclusive

classes showing the number of observations in each class.
2-3
LO2 Organize data into a
bar chart
Bar Charts
BAR CHART A graph in which the classes are reported on the

horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.
2-4
LO3 Organize data into a
pie chart
Pie Charts
PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percent that each class
represents of the total number of frequencies .
2-5
LO4 Create a frequency
distribution for a data set.
EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency Distribution
Table
Ms. Kathryn Ball of Applewood
Auto Group wants to develop
tables, charts, and graphs to
show the typical selling price on
various dealer lots. The table on
the right reports only the price of
the 180 vehicles sold last
month.
2-6
LO4
Constructing a Frequency Table - Example

 Step 1: Decide on the number of classes.
A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the “2 to the
k rule.” such that 2k > n.
There were 180 vehicles sold, so n = 180. If we try k = 7, then 27 = 128,

somewhat less than 180. Hence, 7 is not enough classes. If we let k = 8, then
28 = 256, which is greater than 180. So the recommended number of classes
is 8.
 Step 2: Determine the class interval or width.

The formula is: i  (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is the
highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the
number of classes.
Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10 or 100.

Use a class width of $400
2-7
LO4
Constructing a Frequency Table - Example

 Step 3: Set the individual class limits  Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices into the
classes.
 Step 5: Count the number of items in each class.
2-8
LO5 Understand a relative
LO4
frequency distribution.
Relative Class Frequencies

 Class frequencies can be converted to relative class
frequencies to show the fraction of the total number of
 A relative frequency captures the relationship between a
class total and the total number of observations.
2-9
LO5
Relative Frequency Distribution

To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency
distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations.
TABLE 2–8 Relative Frequency Distribution of Profit for Vehicles Sold Last Month at
Applewood Auto Group
2-10
LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in
a histogram or frequency polygon.
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

The three commonly used graphic forms are:
 Histograms
 Frequency polygons
 Cumulative frequency distributions
2-11
LO6
Histogram
HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the
bars are drawn adjacent to each other.
2-12
LO6
Frequency Polygon
 A frequency polygon
also shows the shape
of a distribution and is
similar to a histogram.
 It consists of line
segments connecting
the points formed by
the intersections of the
class midpoints and the
class frequencies.
2-13
LO6
Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon
 Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the

data (highs, lows, points of concentration, etc.)
 The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a
rectangle, with the height of the rectangular bar representing
the number in each class.
 The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It
allows us to compare directly two or more frequency
distributions.
2-14
LO6
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
2-15

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Describing Data:

Frequency Tables, Frequency

Frequency Table and Frequency Distribution

FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data

Class interval: The class interval is

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of data into mutually exclusive

BAR CHART A graph in which the classes are reported on the

Constructing a Frequency Table - Example

There were 180 vehicles sold, so n = 180. If we try k = 7, then 27 = 128,

 Step 2: Determine the class interval or width.

Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10 or 100.

Constructing a Frequency Table - Example

 Step 5: Count the number of items in each class.

Relative Class Frequencies

Relative Frequency Distribution

Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon

 Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

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