Scribd
Upload
51 views

Topics in NanoBT Lecture 17 2006 2007

This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes, including their discovery, structure, properties, common synthesis methods (CVD, arc discharge, laser ablation), and applications. It discusses that carbon nanotubes can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure, and that they exhibit extremely high strength, thermal and electrical conductivity. The document also summarizes challenges in large-scale production and purification of carbon nanotubes.

Uploaded by

aroonkumaarv
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

Topics in NanoBT Lecture 17 2006 2007

This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes, including their discovery, structure, properties, common synthesis methods (CVD, arc discharge, laser ablation), and applications. It discusses that carbon nanotubes can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure, and that they exhibit extremely high strength, thermal and electrical conductivity. The document also summarizes challenges in large-scale production and purification of carbon nanotubes.

Uploaded by

aroonkumaarv
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

TOPICS IN (NANO)

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Carbon nanotubes
19th January, 2007
Carbon nanotubes
Overview
• Introduction
• Synthesis & Purification
• Overview of applications
• Single nanotube measurements
• Energy storage
• Molecular electronics
• Conclusion and future outlook
Introduction: common facts
• Discovered in 1991 by Iijima
• Unique material properties
• Nearly one-dimensional structures
• Single- and multi-walled
Definition
Single-wall carbon nanotubes are a new form of carbon
made by rolling up a single graphite sheet to a narrow
but long tube closed at both sides by fullerene-like end
caps..

However, their attraction lies not only in the beauty of their


molecular structures: through intentional alteration of
their physical and chemical properties fullerenes exhibit
an extremely wide range of interesting and potentially
useful properties.
History
• 1991 Discovery of multi-wall carbon nanotubes
• 1992 Conductivity of carbon nanotubes
• 1993 Structural rigidity of carbon nanotubes
• 1993 Synthesis of single-wall nanotubes
• 1995 Nanotubes as field emitters
• 1997 Hydrogen storage in nanotubes
• 1998 Synthesis of nanotube peapods
• 2000 Thermal conductivity of nanotubes
• 2001 Integration of carbon nanotubes for logic
circuits
• 2001 Intrinsic superconductivity of carbon nanotubes
Nanotube structure
• Roll a graphene sheet in a certain direction
• Armchair structure

• Zigzag structure

• Chiral structure

• Defects result in bends and transitions


Special properties
• Difference in chemical reactivity for
end caps and side wall
• High mechanical strength
• Special electrical properties:
– Metallic
– Semi conducting
Special properties
• Metallic conductivity (e.g. the salts A3C60
(A=alkali metals))
• Superconductivity with Tc's of up to 33K (e.g.
the salts A3C60 (A=alkali metals))
• Ferromagnetism (in (TDAE)C60 - without the
presence of d-electrons)
• Non-linear optical activity
• Polymerization to form a variety of 1-, 2-, and
3D polymer structures
Special properties
• Nanotubes can be either electrically conductive or
semiconductive, depending on their helicity.
• These one-dimensional fibers exhibit electrical
conductivity as high as copper, thermal
conductivity as high as diamond,
• Strength 100 times greater than steel at one sixth
the weight, and high strain to failure.
Current Applications
• Carbon Nano-tubes
are extending the
ability to fabricate
devices such as:
• Molecular probes
• Pipes
• Wires
• Bearings
• Springs
• Gears
• Pumps
Synthesis: overview
• Commonly applied techniques:
– Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
– Arc-Discharge
– Laser ablation

• Techniques differ in:


– Type of nanotubes (SWNT / MWNT / Aligned)
– Catalyst used
– Yield
– Purity
Synthesis: growth mechanism
• Metal catalyst
• Tip growth / extrusion growth
Mechanisms of Carbon Nano tube

Root Growth Mechanism:

• Transition metal as catalyst


• Hydrocarbon dissociate at
metal surface into H and C.
• Once surface saturated with
C, it starts to form as graphite
sheet with fullerene cap
• More C atoms can be
inserted into Metal-C bond so
the tube get growing longer.
Synthesis Methods for CNT
1. Electric Arc Discharge: similar to
method used for Bucky Ball
2. Laser Vaporization: Graphite
target with Co, Ni powders
sitting in 1200C furnace and hit
by laser pulse. CNT collected
downstream at cold finger.
3. CVD: pre-patterned structure
with Fe, Mo nano particles in a
tube furnace at 1000C and
methane as precursor of carbon
4. Fullerene recrystallization:
depositing Ni and C60 multi-
layers and recrystallize at 900C
Synthesis: CVD
•Gas phase deposition
•Large scale possible
•Relatively cheap

•SWNTs / MWNTs
•Aligned nanotubes
•Patterned substrates
Synthesis: Arc Discharge
• It was first made popular by Ebbessen and Ajayan
in 1992

• It is still considered as one of the best methods


for producing carbon nanotubes other than CVD

• In order to produce a good yield of high quality


nanotubes, the pressure, consistent current, and
efficient cooling of the electrodes are very
important operating parameters
Synthesis: Arc Discharge
Synthesis: arc discharge
• MWNTs and SWNTs
• Relatively cheap
• Batch process
• Many side-products
Synthesis: arc discharge

Arc discharge = The electric arc that is a particular discharge between two electrodes in a
gas or vapor which is characterized by high cathode densities and a low voltage drop.
Synthesis: laser ablation
• Catalyst / no catalyst
• MWNTs / SWNTs
• Yield <70%

• Use of very strong laser


• Expensive (energy costs)
• Commonly applied
Self Assembly of Carbon Nano Tube as
interconnect (Metal)
Metho Chemical
Arc discharge method Laser ablation (vaporization)
d vapour deposition

Ebbesen and Ajayan, NEC, Japan 1992 15 Endo, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 53 Smalley, Rice, 199514
Who

Connect two graphite rods to a power Place substrate in oven, heat to 600 oC, and Blast graphite with intense laser pulses; use
supply, place them a few millimetres apart, slowly add a carbon-bearing gas such as the laser pulses rather than electricity to
How and throw the switch. At 100 amps, carbon methane. As gas decomposes it frees up generate carbon gas from which the NTs
vaporises and forms a hot plasma. carbon atoms, which recombine in the form form; try various conditions until hit on one
of NTs that produces prodigious amounts of
SWNTs
Typic
30 to 90% 20 to 100 % Up to 70%
al
yield

Short tubes with diameters of 0.6 - 1.4 nm Long tubes with diameters ranging from Long bundles of tubes (5-20 microns), with
SWN 0.6-4 nm individual diameter from 1-2 nm.
T

Short tubes with inner diameter of 1-3 nm Long tubes with diameter ranging from 10- Not very much interest in this technique, as
M- and outer diameter of approximately 10 nm 240 nm it is too expensive, but MWNT synthesis is
WNT possible.

Can easily produce SWNT, MWNTs. Easiest to scale up to industrial production; Primarily SWNTs, with good diameter
SWNTs have few structural defects; long length, simple process, SWNT control and few defects. The reaction
Pro MWNTs without catalyst, not too diameter controllable, quite pure product is quite pure.
expensive, open air synthesis possible

Tubes tend to be short with random sizes NTs are usually MWNTs and often riddled Costly technique, because it requires
Con and directions; often needs a lot of with defects expensive lasers and high power
purification requirement, but is improving
Purification
• Contaminants:
– Catalyst particles
– Carbon clusters
– Smaller fullerenes: C60 / C70

• Impossibilities:
– Completely retain nanotube structure
– Single-step purification

• Only possible on very small scale:


– Isolation of either semi-conducting SWNTs
Purification
• Removal of catalyst:
– Acidic treatment (+ sonication)
– Thermal oxidation
– Magnetic separation (Fe)

• Removal of small fullerenes


– Micro filtration
– Extraction with CS2

• Removal of other carbonaceous impurities


– Thermal oxidation
– Selective functionalisation of nanotubes
– Annealing
Potential applications
< AFM Tip
> Molecular electronics
•Transistor

> FED devices:


•Displays < Others
• Composites
< Energy storage: • Biomedical
•Li-intercalation • Catalyst support
•Hydrogen storage • Conductive materials
•Supercaps • ???
Conclusions
• Mass production is nowadays too
expensive
• Many different techniques can be applied
for investigation
• Large scale purification is possible
• FEDs and CNTFETs have proven to work
and are understood
• Positioning of molecular electronics is
difficult
• Energy storage is still doubtful, fundamental
investigations are needed

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy