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    Lab Exercise 1: Boot Loader

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    Kritika Verma
    Here are the key steps to write a boot loader to load DOS: 1. The boot loader code would be written in assembly to run in real mode and load sectors from the disk into memory. 2. It would use BIOS interrupts like INT 13h to read sectors from the disk starting from the DOS boot sector. 3. As it reads each sector, it would copy the data from the buffer provided by BIOS into successive memory locations, building the DOS files in memory. 4. It would locate and jump to the DOS entry point, usually stored in a predefined memory location, to launch DOS once it has been loaded into memory. 5. Additional code may be needed

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    Lab Exercise 1: Boot Loader

    Uploaded by

    Kritika Verma
    119 views15 pages
    Here are the key steps to write a boot loader to load DOS: 1. The boot loader code would be written in assembly to run in real mode and load sectors from the disk into memory. 2. It would use BIOS interrupts like INT 13h to read sectors from the disk starting from the DOS boot sector. 3. As it reads each sector, it would copy the data from the buffer provided by BIOS into successive memory locations, building the DOS files in memory. 4. It would locate and jump to the DOS entry point, usually stored in a predefined memory location, to launch DOS once it has been loaded into memory. 5. Additional code may be needed

    Original Title

    BootLoader 1

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    Here are the key steps to write a boot loader to load DOS: 1. The boot loader code would be written in assembly to run in real mode and load sectors from the disk into memory. 2. It would use BIOS interrupts like INT 13h to read sectors from the disk starting from the DOS boot sector. 3. As it reads each sector, it would copy the data from the buffer provided by BIOS into successive memory locations, building the DOS files in memory. 4. It would locate and jump to the DOS entry point, usually stored in a predefined memory location, to launch DOS once it has been loaded into memory. 5. Additional code may be needed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    119 views15 pages

    Lab Exercise 1: Boot Loader

    Uploaded by

    Kritika Verma
    Here are the key steps to write a boot loader to load DOS: 1. The boot loader code would be written in assembly to run in real mode and load sectors from the disk into memory. 2. It would use BIOS interrupts like INT 13h to read sectors from the disk starting from the DOS boot sector. 3. As it reads each sector, it would copy the data from the buffer provided by BIOS into successive memory locations, building the DOS files in memory. 4. It would locate and jump to the DOS entry point, usually stored in a predefined memory location, to launch DOS once it has been loaded into memory. 5. Additional code may be needed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Lab Exercise 1: Boot Loader

    Objective
    • To learn how an operating system is loaded in
    the main memory

    • To learn how to write a boot loader


    What is a boot loader?
    • It’s a special type of loader to load the
    OS/system software in to main memory
    What is a bootable device?
    • A device is bootable device if it contains a
    boot sector or boot block

    • BIOS reads that device by first loading the


    boot sector into memory for execution
    What is a boot sector?
    • It’s the sector of the bootable device that
    contains code for loading the device
    BIOS
    • BIOS is usually a ROM chip in the motherboard
    • It contains assembly level code to talk to the I/O devices, disks connected
    to the system
    • OS can use the I/O devices by generating an interrupt to the BIOS
    • BIOS can be interrupted by giving “int 0x10” assembly code
    – “int” is the opcode for calling an interrupt and 0x10 is the number for BIOS
    (Control transfer to BIOS)
    • Within BIOS there are several interrupt service routines. Where will the
    control actually jump to?
    – It depends on the interrupt vector or service number passed in the register “ah”
    – Whenever “int 0x10” is passed, immediately the value of “ah” will be checked
    – Accordingly the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) will be chosen
    – Depending on the ISR chosen, other registers may be investigated (If needed)
    • Discussing BIOS in detail is beyond the scope of this course
    How to write a Boot Sector?
    • A boot sector is usually is of 512 bytes

    • A boot sector must contain “0x55” as its 510th byte and “0xaa”
    as its 511th byte

    • Always the boot code should be compiled and assembled to


    contain only 16 bit instruction (irrespective of the (32 /64) bit
    architecture/OS)

    • If a device does not follow the above rules, then it is not


    considered to be bootable
    Steps to write a Boot-loader
    1. Write in assembly (depending on the architecture), piece of
    code to make the 510 and 511th bytes to be 0x55 and 0xaa.
    2. In the assembly code you can use any other BIOS interrupts
    to print/get input to/from the IO device
    3. After the assembly code is written, assemble it as .bin file
    4. Write the .bin file as a floppy boot
    In Linux use “dd” command for the purpose
    5. Create a disk image of the bin file
    6. Use the disk image to boot
    Difference between object file and binary file

    • Object file is in hexadecimal and still is not in


    the executable format. External references are
    not included in the object file

    • Bin are executable formats that are in binary


    format with all the external links resolved
    Simple Boot Loader
    Step 1:
    Download NASM simulator for compiling and generating the executable for our
    assembly code
    Step 2:
    Write the assembly code that clears 512bytes of memory and adds the magic number
    at the end Represents format
    syntax : nasm input_file –f bin –o output_file of the output file
    nasm ourbootloader.asm -f bin -o boot.bin

    Step 3:
    Convert the bootable binary to bootable image using “dd” command
    dd if=boot.bin bs=512 of=outputboot.img
    Step 4:
    Use the bootable image to start a new vm to check your bootloader
    Sample Code
    [BITS 16] ;tell the assembler that its a 16 bit code
    [ORG 0x7C00] ;Origin, tell the assembler that where
    the code will be in memory after it is

    been loaded
    JMP $ ;infinite loop
    TIMES 510 - ($ - $$) db 0 ;fill the rest of sector with 0
    DW 0xAA55 ; add boot signature at the end
    of bootloader
    Example 2 :Print a Character BootLoader

    • INT 0x10 (BIOS Interrupt to print on screen)


    – This interrupt will check the register AL for the
    character to display
    – AH register will contain the number of data to
    display on screen
    – BL register will contain the details about back
    ground and fore ground colour
    Sample Code
    [BITS 16] ;Tells the assembler that its a 16 bit code
    [ORG 0x7C00] ;Origin, tell the assembler that where the code will be in memory after it is been
    loaded
    MOV AL, 65
    CALL PrintCharacter
    JMP $ ;Infinite loop, hang it here.
    PrintCharacter: ;Procedure to print character on screen
    MOV AL, 65 ; ASCII value of ‘A’
    MOV AH, 0x0E ;Tell BIOS that we need to print one charater on screen.
    MOV BH, 0x00 ;Page no.
    MOV BL, 0x07 ;Text attribute 0x07 is lightgrey font on black background
    INT 0x10 ;Call interrupt
    RET ;Return to calling procedure

    TIMES 510 - ($ - $$) db 0 ;Fill the rest of sector with 0


    DW 0xAA55 ;Add boot signature at the end of bootloader
    Example 3: Print Hello World
    [BITS 16] ;Tells the assembler that its PrintString: ;Procedure to print string on
    a 16 bit [ORG 0x7C00] ;Origin screen
    next_character: ;Lable to fetch next
    character MOV AL, [SI] ;Get a byte from
    MOV SI, HelloString ;Store string string
    pointer to SI
    INC SI ;Increment SI pointer
    CALL PrintString ;Call print string OR AL, AL ;Check if value in AL is
    procedure zero (end of string)
    JMP $ ;Infinite loop, hang JZ exit_function ;If end then return
    it CALL PrintCharacter
    here. JMP next_character ;Fetch next
    PrintCharacter: ;Procedure to print character exit_function: ;End label
    MOV AH, 0x0E RET ;Return from procedure
    MOV BH, 0x00
    MOV BL, 0x07 ;Data
    INT 0x10 ;Call video interrupt HelloString db 'Hello World', 0
    RET ;Return to calling procedure TIMES 510 - ($ - $$) db 0
    DW 0xAA55
    HOT Question
    • Write a boot loader to load DOS

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