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MC-601-week 6

The network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination across multiple hops or routers if needed. Its main functions are routing packets and handling transmission between end devices. The key protocols at the network layer are the Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). IP addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and host portion to logically identify devices.

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63 views23 pages

MC-601-week 6

The network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination across multiple hops or routers if needed. Its main functions are routing packets and handling transmission between end devices. The key protocols at the network layer are the Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). IP addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and host portion to logically identify devices.

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Saad Majeed
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Network Layer

 Network layer is concerned with getting packets from


the source all the way to the destination
 May require many hops at intermediate routers
(multiple hops), rather than a single link, as in the
data link layer (moving frames from one end of
wire to the other )
 Its primary function is routing
 It deals with end-to-end transmission
 It involves at the source host, destination host and all
routers in the path

1
Core Protocols of Network Layer
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 A connectionless unreliable protocol that is part of
the TCP/IP protocol suite
 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
 Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
 Diagnostics and error reporting
 (IGMP) Internet Group Management Protocol
 Management of group multicast
Network Layer:
Logical (IP)
Addressing
 Protocols which route data from a node or hop to
another hop between two end hosts in a network
are called network-layer protocols.

 In the Internet, the only currently available


network-layer protocol is IP
IPv4
ADDRESSES
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a
router) to the Internet.
The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296
Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address

Errors?
IPv4 ADDRESSES
Hierarchy
In any communication system involving delivery, the addressing
system is hierarchal.
Postal network includes country, State, City, Street, House
number, and the name of the mail recipient.
Telephone network includes Country code, Area code, Host
exchange, and the Connection.

A 32-bit IP address is divided into two parts


 Prefix defines the network [Network ID or Net ID]
 Analogous to a street address.
Suffix defines the node [host ID] (connection of a device to the
network)
 Analogous to a house or building number

SO TCP/IP Addresses are hierarchical addresses (combination


of Net (location) ID and host ID)
TCP/IP
 A host is a deviceHost
that has a network interface card
(NIC) connected to a network.
 If a device has two network interfaces, it should be
considered two separate hosts.
 Each host that is attached to a TCP/IP network must
have a unique IP address.

86
90 133.120.75.8
94
129.102.12.7

129.102.0.0 133.120.0.0
131.107.0.0

129.102.16.2
131.107.3.27 7
Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E

Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing


Internet Class-based addresses
 Class A: large number of hosts, few networks
 0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
 7 network bits (0 and 127 reserved, so 126 networks), 24 host
bits (> 16M hosts/net)
 Initial byte 1-127 (decimal)
 Class B: medium number of hosts and networks
 10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
 16,384 class B networks, 65,534 hosts/network
 Initial byte 128-191 (decimal)
 Class C: large number of small networks
 110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh
 2,097,152 networks, 254 hosts/network
 Initial byte 192-223 (decimal)
 Class D: 224-239 (decimal) Multicast [RFC1112]
 Class E: 240-255 (decimal) Reserved

9
Example
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Netid and Hostid

 Network addresses cannot be all 0s

 Hostid: Cannot be all 0s


 If host portion is all 0s, represents a network address.
 Hostid: Cannot be all 1s
 If host portion is all 1s, represents broadcast address.
Class A
Address
 First bit will always be a 0.
 Remaining bits can be either 0s or 1s.
 Range of first octet is 00000001 to 01111111
Network addresses cannot be all 0s [used to communicate
with the current network]
 127 is reserved for loopback testing
 126 valid Class A network IDs
 1.x.y.z to 126.x.y.z
A loopback test is a test in which a signal is sent from a
communication device and returned (looped back) to it as a way
to determine whether the device is working right or as a way to
pin down a failing node in a network
Ref:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/loopback-test
Blocks in class
A
Class B
Address
 First two bits will always be a 10.

 Remaining bits can be either 0s or 1s.

 Range of first octet is 10000000 to 10111111

 Range of networks 128.0.y.z to 191.255.y.z

 16,384 valid Class B network IDs.

13
Blocks in class B

14
Class C
Address
 First three bits will always be a 110.

 Remaining bits can be either 0s or 1s.

 Range of first octet is 11000000 to 11011111

 Range of class C networks is 192.0.0.z to 223.255.255.z.

 2,097,152 valid Class C network IDs.

15
Blocks in class C

16
Class D and E Addresses
Class D
 First octet is 1110xxxx, replacing x’s with whatever we
wish
 Range of Class D addresses is from 224.x.y.z to
239.x.y.z
 Used for multicasting – method of sending a single
packet to multiple hosts.
Class E
 First octet is 1111xxxx
 Address ranges from 240.x.y.z to 255.x.y.z.
 Experimental/Development address range that is not used
in actual networks. 17
Network
Address
A network address is different from a netid.
 A network address has both netid and hostid, with 0s for the
hostid
 The first address is called the network address and defines the
organization network.
The organization network is connected to the Internet (rest of the
world) via a router.
 The router has two or more addresses
 One belongs to the granted block;
 the other belongs to the network that is at the other side of the
router.
Examples: Network Address
Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the network address.
 The class is A.
 Only the first byte defines the netid.
 We can find the network address by replacing the hostid
bytes (56.7.91) with 0s.
 Therefore, the network address is 23.0.0.0.

Given the address 132.6.17.85, find the network address


 The class is B.
 The network address is 132.6.0.0.
19
Addressing Guidelines
 Network ID cannot be 127
 127 is reserved for loopback functions
 Network ID cannot be 255
 Network ID cannot be 0
 Me (this host or current/default host)
 Used by a device to refer to itself when it
doesn't know its own IP address
 Host ID cannot be 255 (All Bits Set to 1)
 255 is a broadcast address
 Host ID cannot be 0 (All Bits Set to 0)
 It represents the network address
 Host ID Must Be Unique to the Network

20
Assigning Network IDs

1 2 3

Router Router

124.x.y.z 192.121.73.z 131.107.y.z

21
Assigning Host IDs

1 2 3

124.0.0.27 124.0.0.1 192.121.73. 131.107.0.27


2
Router Router

124.0.0.28 192.121.73. 131.107.0.1 131.107.0.28


1

124.x.y.z 192.121.73.z 131.107.0.z


124.0.0.29 131.107.0.29

22
Address Class Summary
[[

Range of
Number Number of Hosts
Network IDs
of Networks per Network
(First Octet)

Class A 126 16,777,214 1 – 126

Class B 16,384 65,534 128 – 191

Class C 2,097,152 254 192 – 223

23

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