Participant Subject Sources of Data: All Are Dictating The Same Concepts Someone From Whom Data Are Collected

Participant
Subject
Sources of data
 All are dictating the same concepts
 What do they mean?
 someone from whom data are collected
 is the group or elements or a single element, from
which data are or have been obtained.
 What is sample frame?
Is a list of population.
 What is sample survey?

The information that we gather from the sample
 What is sampling technique?

A technique that we use to select a sample.
is to obtain a group of participants
 who will be representative of a larger group of
individuals or
 who will provide targeted responses.
 The degree of representativeness and the quality of
the information obtained is based on:
 the sampling technique employed.
Are two types:
 Probability sampling
 Non-probability sampling
 What are the kinds of probability sampling techniques?
 Simple random sampling
 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Cluster sampling
What are the kinds of Non-probability sampling
techniques?
 Convenience Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 And others
 Typical case sampling
 Extreme case sampling
 Critical case sampling
 Maximum variation
 Snow ball sampling
Simple random sampling
every member of the population has an equal and

independent chance of being selected as the sample
is often used with a population that has a small
number of cases
Sometimes called lottery method
This approach is not convenient if the population is
large and not numbered unless computer is …
every nth element is selected from a list of all elements
in the population,
beginning with a randomly selected element
Also called stratified random sampling
is a modification of either simple random or
systematic sampling
 first the population is divided into homogeneous
subgroups
 Next, subjects are selected from each subgroup(strata)
using simple random or systematic procedures
Has two reasons :
1. reduces error and allows a smaller sample to be chosen
since the same sized sample will be more representative
of the population than if taken from the population as a
whole
2. is used to ensure that an adequate number of subjects are
selected from different subgroups
The samples can be selected using one of two methods:
1. A proportional stratified sample, or proportional
allocation
2. disproportional stratified sampling
Is used
o When it is impossible or impractical to sample
individuals from the population
o when there is no exhaustive list of all the individuals
 involves the random selection of naturally occurring
groups or units (clusters) and then individuals from
the chosen groups are used for the study
not every element in the population has a chance of
being selected
Widely used by qualitative research
Sometimes used for quantitative research to enrich
data not to infer generalization
is a group of subjects selected because of availability
There is no precise way of generalizing from a
conveniences sample to a population
sometimes these samples are negatively referred to as
accidental or haphazard
the primary purpose of the research may not be to
generalize but to better understand relationships that
may exist.
is used when the researcher is unable to take a
probability sample but still wants a sample that is
representative of the entire population
A type of quota sampling that is common in
educational research is used to represent
 geographic areas or
 types of communities, such as urban rural, and
suburban.
sometimes referred to as purposive, judgment, or
judgmental sampling
Is done by the researcher by selecting particular
individuals or cases because they will be particularly
informative about the topic
model instance sampling
the researcher investigates a person, group, or site
that is “typical” or “representative” of many
Is like sampling the average
is one that is unique or atypical, an outlier compared
to most others in the category
take samples at one end of that continuum
Example :- taking outshining students
Or very low performing students
Also called maximum heterogeneity sampling
individuals, groups, or cases are selected to represent
both ends of a continuum of values on a characteristic
of interest
Example :- taking top achievers and lower achievers
Also called Network sampling
begins with a few participants and then asks them to
nominate or recommend others who are known to
have the profile, attributes, or characteristics desired.
is especially useful when the researcher has only a
limited pool of initial participants.
 opportunistic sampling
 is used in these situations as an opportunity to learn
and understand
Sometimes the phenomenon of interest is illustrated
by individuals, groups, or sites in unique and
dramatic ways.
Example:- only school which has the opportunity to
be included
Most researchers use general rules of thumb in their
studies to determine there sample size
Such as :-
1. at least 30 subjects for correlation research and for
experimental research.
2. For survey research, it is common to sample 10 % to
20 % of the population
 With purposeful sampling, the major criterion for
using an adequate number of cases is the
information provided.
 is to provide in-depth information
When does sampling is considered complete?
 when no new information is forthcoming from additional
cases
1.The larger the population size, the smaller the percentage
of the population required to get a representative sample
2. say N=100 or fewer there is little point in sampling,
survey the entire population
3. If the population size is around 500 (give or take 100), 50
% should be sampled
4. If the population size is around 1500, 20 % should be
sampled
5. Beyond a certain point (about N= 5000), the population
size is almost irrelevant and a sample size of 400 will be
adequate.
Sampling Bias
Can occur in two ways
 1. deliberately skew the sampling
 2. non-deliberately, often because of inadequate
knowledge of what is required to obtain an unbiased
sample and the motivation to “prove” a desired result or
point or view.

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Participant

 What is sample survey?

 What is sampling technique?

every member of the population has an equal and

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