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    Blood Physiology: Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader

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    AJPEDO LIFE
    1. There are two main types of white blood cells - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). 2. White blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues. 3. Their lifespan ranges from a few hours for granulocytes to weeks/months for lymphocytes. 4. They help defend the body through mechanisms like chemotaxis, diapedesis

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    Blood Physiology: Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader

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    1. There are two main types of white blood cells - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). 2. White blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues. 3. Their lifespan ranges from a few hours for granulocytes to weeks/months for lymphocytes. 4. They help defend the body through mechanisms like chemotaxis, diapedesis

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    2.Lecture 3 & 4 -- 1428

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    1. There are two main types of white blood cells - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). 2. White blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues. 3. Their lifespan ranges from a few hours for granulocytes to weeks/months for lymphocytes. 4. They help defend the body through mechanisms like chemotaxis, diapedesis

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    41 views45 pages

    Blood Physiology: Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader

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    AJPEDO LIFE
    1. There are two main types of white blood cells - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). 2. White blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues. 3. Their lifespan ranges from a few hours for granulocytes to weeks/months for lymphocytes. 4. They help defend the body through mechanisms like chemotaxis, diapedesis

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    Blood Physiology

    Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader


    MD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London)
    Professor of Physiology,
    College of Medicine &
    King Khalid University Hospital
    Riyadh
    Lecture # 4 & 5

    Leucocytes
    White Blood Cells (WBCs)
    Granulocytes,
    The Monocyte-Macrophage System
    Leucocytes (WBCs)

    • General Characteristics & types of WBCs


    • Genesis (Production) of WBCs
    • Life Span of WBCs
    • Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages
    – Chemotaxis
    – Diapedesis
    – Amaeboid Motion
    – Phagocytosis
    Blood Film
    Hematopoiesis
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    General Characteristics & types of WBCs

    • Types of WBC
    1. Granular (polymorphnuclear):
    • Neutrophil 62%.
    – 10-16um, nucleus 2-5 lobes, purple
    cytoplasmic granules
    • Eosinophil 2.3%.
    – 12-18um, 2 lobes nucleus, coarse red
    granules
    • Basophil .4%.
    – 10-14um, rarely segmented nucleus,
    nucleus hidden by large round bluish
    granules
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    General Characteristics & types of WBCs

    • Types of WBC
    2. Agranular WBC
    – Monocytes 5.3%
    • 15-20um, kidney shape nucleus
    – Lymphocyte 30%
    • round nucleus
    – small (5-8um)
    – large (9-15um)
    Formed Elements of Blood
    • Red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
    • White blood cells ( leukocytes )
    – granular leukocytes
    • neutrophils
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
    – agranular leukocytes
    • lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer
    cells
    • monocytes
    • Platelets
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    Genesis (Production) of WBCs

    Pluripotential stem cell

    Committed Stem cell


    RBCs WBCs Platelets

    Mylocytic Lymphocytic
    Linage Linage
    Hematopoiesis
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    Genesis (Production) of WBCs- leucopoiesis)

    Sites of WBC formation


    • Granulocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil):
    – bone marrow

    • Agranulocytes
    – lymphocytes- bone marrow,
    thymus, lymphoid tissues
    – monocytes- bone marrow
    Life Span of WBCs
    Granulocytes:
    • 4 to 8 hrs (transit time ) in blood circulation
    • 4 to 5 hrs in tissues
    – In infections life span a few hours
    Monocytes :
    – 10 to 20 hrs in blood circulation
    – Leave capillaries to tissues, increase in size to
    become tissue macrphages which live for
    months
    Life Span of WBCs-cont.
    Lymphocytes:

    • A few hrs in blood circulation >>


    tissues >> lymph >>> Blood (Recirculation)

    ?Life span: weeks to months


    Leucocytes (WBCs)

    • General Characteristics & types of WBCs


    • Genesis (Production) of WBCs
    • Life Span of WBCs
    • Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages
    – Chemotaxis
    – Diapedesis
    – Amaeboid Motion
    – Phagocytosis
    Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages

    • Attack and destroy bacteria, viruses


    • Sequence of events:
    – Chemotaxis
    – Diapedesis
    – Amaeboid Motion
    – Phagocytosis
    Netrophils function-cont.
    Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages-cont
    Phyagocytosis:
    Engulfing and killing of bacteria or any invading
    organism
    Steps:
    Chemotaxis:
    – Bacterial & viral toxins
    • Products of damaged tissues :

    attract neutrophil to accumulate


    at infected site.
    – Opsonization: plasma substances (IgG)
    attached to the bacteria to make them easy
    to phagocyte
    Diapedesis
    Diapedesis

    http://www.whfreeman.com/immunology/CH01/diapedesis.htm
    Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages

    • Attack and destroy bacteria, viruses


    • Sequence of events:
    – Chemotaxis
    – Diapedesis
    – Amaeboid Motion
    – Phagocytosis
    Defense properties of neutrophils & macrophages

    • Attack and destroy bacteria, viruses


    • Sequence of events:
    – Chemotaxis
    – Diapedesis
    – Amaeboid Motion
    – Phagocytosis
    Phagocytosis- cont.

    Phagocytosis is selective:
    Distinguish self from non-self…...
    How?
    – Normal tissues have smooth surface
    – Normal tissues have protective protein
    surface
    – Antibodies coating bacteria
    (Opsonization)
    Phagocytosis
    Phagocytosis by neutrophils- cont.

    Neutrophils attach to bacteria & encircled it with


    pseudopodia and take it into a vacuole
    (phagosome).
    • One Neutrophil can engulf 3 to 20 bacteria
    • One Macrophage can engulf up to 100 bacteria

    Microbial killing: fusion of neutrophil granules


    with vacuole,
    – Discharge of lysozyme, myeloperoxidase enzymes
    into the vacuole, killing and digesting the engulfed
    bacteria.
    – Release of Free radicals by oxidizing agents:
    superoxide, hydrogen peroxide to kill the bacteria
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    • Types of WBC
    1. Granular (polymorphnuclear):
    • Neutrophil 62%.
    – 10-16um, nucleus 2-5 lobes, purple
    cytoplasmic granules
    • Eosinophil 2.3%.
    – 12-18um, 2 lobes nucleus, coarse red
    granules
    • Basophil .4%.
    – 10-14um, rarely segmented nucleus,
    nucleus hidden by large round bluish
    granules
    Blood Film
    Eosinophils
    Function:
    • Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is same as neutrophil,
    but less efficient
    • Chemotaxis: eosinophil attracted
    towards chronic inflammation/allergic
    tissue (allergic disease of skin & lungs)
    By eosinophil chemotactic factor

    Phagocytose (& detoxify)


    antigen/antibody complexes
    Eosinophils cont,

    • High eosinophil count:


    – Parasitic (hook worm, ascaris,
    bilharzia)
    – Allergic (asthma, rhinitis, drug
    reaction)
    – Allergic skin diseases
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    • Types of WBC
    1. Granular (polymorphnuclear):
    • Neutrophil 62%.
    – 10-16um, nucleus 2-5 lobes, purple
    cytoplasmic granules
    • Eosinophil 2.3%.
    – 12-18um, 2 lobes nucleus, coarse red
    granules
    • Basophil .4%.
    – 10-14um, rarely segmented nucleus,
    nucleus hidden by large round bluish
    granules
    Leucocytes (WBCs) – cont.

    • Types of WBC
    1. Granular (polymorphnuclear):
    • Neutrophil 62%.
    – 10-16um, nucleus 2-5 lobes, purple
    cytoplasmic granules
    • Eosinophil 2.3%.
    – 12-18um, 2 lobes nucleus, coarse red
    granules
    • Basophil .4%.
    – 10-14um, rarely segmented nucleus,
    nucleus hidden by large round bluish
    granules
    Blood Film
    Basophils
    • Similar to tissue mast cells
    • Non-phagocytic cells
    • Granules: dark blue color.
    • Granules contain:
    – Heparin
    – Histamine
    – Serotonin (5HT).

    Released during allergic reactions


    Hematopoiesis
    Blood Film
    Defensive Functions of the Monocytes

    • Directly:
    – phygocytosis of bacteria, dead cells etc

    • Indirectly:
    – Cooperates with lymphocytes by:
    • Recognizing the foreign body
    • Ingesting the foreign body
    • Processing the foreign body
    • Presenting it to lymphocytes
    Monocyte-macrophage system
    Reticulo-endothelial System
    Reticuloendothelial System-RES

    Blood Monocyte Tissue macrophage

    Attached (fixed) Mobile

    Function is phagocytosis of:


    • Bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Dead tissues
    • Foriegn particles
    Immune function
    Reticuloendothelial System-RES

    • RES is widespread in the body

    Cells of the RES:


    – Monocytes (blood macrophages)
    – Mobile and fixed tissue Macrophages
    – Specialiazed endothelial cells in bone marrow,
    lymph nodes and spleen
    – Reticular cells of lymph nodes spleen & bone
    marrow.
    Reticuloendothelial System-RES

    Cells of the RES - Distribution:


    • Tissue Macrophages in skin SC tissues
    • Tisssue Macrophages of lymph nodes
    • Tissue macrophages in lungs
    • Macrphages (kupffer cells) in the
    liver
    • Macrphages in the spleen and bone
    marrow
    Reticuloendothelial System-RES

    Blood Monocyte Tissue macrophage

    Attached (fixed) Mobile

    Function is phagocytosis of:


    • Bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Dead tissues
    • Foriegn particles
    Immune function

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