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Osteichthyes

The document summarizes the classification and anatomy of bony fish. It describes the key characteristics of class Osteichthyes, including their skeletons made of bone and scales. It then outlines several subclasses of bony fish and their distinguishing features. The remainder of the document details fish anatomy, including body shapes, coloration, scales, fins, mouths and jaws, digestive systems, and other internal organs.

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100 views

Osteichthyes

The document summarizes the classification and anatomy of bony fish. It describes the key characteristics of class Osteichthyes, including their skeletons made of bone and scales. It then outlines several subclasses of bony fish and their distinguishing features. The remainder of the document details fish anatomy, including body shapes, coloration, scales, fins, mouths and jaws, digestive systems, and other internal organs.

Uploaded by

muhammadismail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Osteichthyes

Bony Fish classification

KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM: VERTEBRATA
CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES
Class Osteichthyes

 “Bony Fish”
 Skeleton made of bone
 Thin, flexible scales
Class Osteichthyes

 Operculum – a gill
cover that protects the
gills

 Swim Bladder – a gas-


filled sac above the
stomach allows for
adjustments in
buoyancy
Subclass Dipnoi

 “Lungfish”
 Jaw fused to brain case
 Caudal, dorsal, and anal
fin connected
 Pectoral fins long and
tubular
 Air breathing organ
attached to esophogus
Subclass Crossopterygii

 “Coelacanths”
 Cosmoid scale
 Two dorsal fins and fleshy
paired fins with skeletal
elements
 Thought to be extinct till
found
 Sometimes grouped with
lungfish in Subclass
Sarcopterygii
Subclass Actinopterygii

 Ray-finned fishes
 Most familiar fish
 Have fin rays, swim
bladders, and a
symmetrically lobed
caudal fin
Subclass Actinopterygii

Superorder Teleostei Superorder Holostean Superorder Chondrostei


Bass Garpikes Freshwater Sturgeon
Goldfish Bowfins Bichirs
Guppies Paddlefish
Seahorses Reedfish
Sturgeons
Tuna
Etc.
Superorder Holostean

 Fin arrangements make


for more efficient
swimmers
Superorder Chondrostei

 Lack bone
 Sometimes classified
with sharks
 Though
more in
common with the telosts
Superorder Telostei

 Most prolific class


 96% of all fish
 12 suborders
 Symmetrical caudal fin
 Spines on fins
Osteoglossmorpha

 Order Osteoglossiformes

 Order Hiodontiformes
Elopomorpha

 Order Elopiformes
 Order Albuliformes
 Order Notacanthiformes
 Order Anguilliformes
 Order Saccopharyngiformes
Paracanthopterygii

 Order Percopsiformes
 Order Batrachoidiformes
 Order Lophiiformes
 Order Gadiformes
 Order Ophidiiformes
Acanthopterygii

 Order Mugiliformes
 Order Atheriniformes
 Order Beloniformes
 Order Cetomimiformes
 Order Cyprinodontiformes
 Order Stephanoberyciformes
 Order Bericiformes
 Order Zeiformes
Acanthopterygii

 Order Gobiescociformes
 Order Gasterosteiformes
 Order Syngnathiformes
 Order Synbranchiformes
 Order Tetraodontiformes
 Order Pleuronectiformes
 Order Scorpaeniformes
 Order Perciformes
- 46% of fish
Body shape

1) fusiform
a) torpedo-shaped
b) allows minimal drag while swimming
c) best shape for a pelagic cruise tuna
2) compressed
a) laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes & surgeonfishes)
b) allows for maneuverability in surge environments
c) useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reef
d) exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the
body as benthic fishes
3) elongated or attenuated
a) long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels)
b) seen in demersal fish that either hover motionless
in the water)
c) seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that hide in
holes in the reef
4) depressed
a) dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes,
scorpionfishes & gobies)
b) broad ventral surface facilitates resting on the
bottom
c) seen in many benthic fishes
Body Coloration

1) source of color
a) pigment color - chromatophores for yellows,
reds, oranges, browns, & blacks
b) structural color - iridophores (reflection) &
light refraction for blues, silvers, & rainbows
2) Patterns
a) countershading
1) dark blue or black dorsally, white or silvery
ventrally
2) results in blue water "camouflage“
3) observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers
b) Camouflage
1) matching the background coloration
2) usually involves having irregular dark blotches and
spots
3) typically seen in benthic fishes, especially benthic
ambush predators (e.g., frogfishes, gobies, & many
scorpionfishes)
4) some fishes (e.g., flatfishes) may exhibit rapid color
changes in response to different backgrounds
c) disruptive coloration
1) color pattern breaks up the silhouette of the fish
2) may involve dark bars across the eye and tail
region
3) seen in many demersal fishes such as
butterfly fishes
d) bars and stripes
1) bars are vertical (e.g., manini)
2) stripes are horizontal (e.g., ta'ape)
3) seen frequently in schooling demersal fishes
4) may confuse potential predators by making it
difficult to select individual prey from the school
 
e) misdirection
1) false eye spots, etc.
2) observed in many demersal butterfly fishes
f) Aadvertising coloration
1) bright, obvious color patterns
2) possible functions
a) advertising a cleaning station (e.g., cleaner
wrasses)
b) advertising a warning (e.g., nohu)
c) advertising for mates (e.g., male
parrotfishes)

Hawaiian cleaner
wrasse
Nohu
g) mimicry
1) imitating other creatures
2) seen in a few demersal and benthic fishes
3) examples
a) blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus) mimics
cleaner wrasses

b) shortnose wrasse mimics Potter's angel


which sports a defensive spine
h) Uniform red coloration
1) most often observed in deep-dwelling or night
active fishes
2) examples include aweoweo & squirrel fishes
i) noctural versus diurnal color changes
j) male versus female color differences
k) juvenile versus adult color differences

Stoplight parrotfish Bluehead wrasse Dragon wrasse


Fish Scales
Scale and caudal fin types
Fish Age and Growth by Scales
 Use growth rings
 Annulus
 3 growth rings
on this scale
 Fish is 3 years
old, going on 4
 3 yr old age class
Fins

 Upper and lower lobes


of Caudal Fin almost
always the same size
 Fin rays – rigid spines
that support a thin
membrane
Caudal Fin Shape
Mouth & Jaws

 Mouth of most bony


fish is terminal or
anterior end

 Overall jaw movement


is more than that of
sharks with teeth that
are fused to jaw
Feeding

 Most bony fish are


carnivores
 Well developed teeth
used for capture and
holding
 Roof of mouth, gill
rakers, and pharynx
may have teeth to help
hold
Feeding

 Grazers – fish that feed


primarily on seaweeds
and other plants

 Some develop beaks to


help scrape off algae or
pieces of coral
Feeding

 Filterfeeders filter
plankton through their
gills

 Tend to be smaller,
schooling fish such as
herrings, anchovies, and
sardines
Mouth continued`
Mouth

Different shapes and positions


 Superior - mouth oriented up fish often a surface feeder
 Terminal - mouth at anterior end, often a midwater feeder
 Inferior - mouth oriented downward, often a bottom feeder
 Subterminal- mouth underneath fish, bottom feeder
 Protrusible - mouth can alter shape to be more useful in
suction feeding, can be seen in any of the above but less
common among inferior mouths
Mouth adaptations
Terminal
 Placed at the middle/end of the head
 Chase their food
 Aggressive predators

Inferior
•Down turned
•Feeds on the bottom
•Often scavenges or grazes
Superior Position
 Upturned and near the top
 Typically a predator or strainer
Stomach and Intestines
 Break down (digest) food and absorb nutrients
 Piscivorous (eat other fish) have fairly short intestines because
such food is easy to chemically break down and digest
 Herbivorous (eat plants) require longer intestines because
plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to
break down into usable components
Pyloric Caeca

 Organ with fingerlike projections located near the


junction of the stomach and the intestines
 Function is not entirely understood, but it is
known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion
 May function to absorb digested food, or do both

Vent
Site of waste elimination from the fish’s body
Liver
 Assists in digestion by secreting enzymes that break
down fats
 Also serves as a storage area for fats and carbohydrates
 Important in the destruction of old blood cells and in
maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a
role in nitrogen (waste) excretion

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