Historical Antecedents in the

course of Science and

Technology
 What is science?
• Learning new facts
(discoveries)

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What is science?
• Science is as old as the world itself
– From Genesis of time, science has existed
• It is always interwoven with the society
• Science and Technology play major roles
in the everyday life
– Make difficult and complicated task easier
– Allow people to do more with so little effort
and time
 What is science?
• Science as an idea

• Science as an intellectual activity

• Science as a body of knowledge

• Science as a personal and social

activity
 What is science?

• Solving
problems
(scientific
method)

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What is science?
• the intellectual and
practical activity
encompassing the
systematic study of
the structure and
behavior of the
physical and natural
world through
observation and
experiment – Oxford
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 What is technology?
• Creating/inventing things

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What is technology?
• Application of
understanding of
natural laws to the
solution of practical
problems
• the application of
scientific knowledge for
practical purposes,
especially in industry
• Humans embarked in scientific activities in
order to know and understand everything
around them
• observed and studied the natural and
physical world to find meanings and seek
answers to many questions
• They have developed noble ideas, later
known as philosophy, to provide
alternative or possible explanations to
certain phenomena
What is philosophy?
• “philosophia,” Love of Wisdom
• Philosophy tries to study and understand
the fundamental nature of two things:
– the existence of man
– the relationship between man and existence
• Philosophy is based on reason; its
methods utilize logical argumentation
• Philosophy entertains both subjective and
objective types of questions
Science and Philosophy
1. Philosophy and science are two studies and
domains.
 Philosophy- basis for science
 Have many branches or fields of study
 Make use reasoning, questioning, and analysis
 The main difference is in the way they work and
treat knowledge
2. Science is concerned with natural phenomena,
while philosophy attempts to understand the
nature of man, existence, and the relationship
that exists between the two concepts
3. Science and Philosophy both try to explain
situations and find answers
 Philosophy- logical argumentation
 science utilizes empirical data
4. Science is used for instances that require
empirical validation and also takes answers and
proves them as objectively right or wrong
5.Subjective and objective questions are involved in
philosophy
6.Philosophy creates knowledge through thinking;
science does the same by observing
7.Science is also a defined study
Science and Religion
Science and Religion
• Humans also used religion to rationalize
the origins of life and all lifeless forms
• Science investigates the natural world,
while religion deals with the spiritual
and supernatural— hence, the two can
be complementary
• Accepting a scientific worldview needn't
require giving up religious faith
Prehistory- Long time Period before
writing was invented

Artifacts- Anything made by ancient human

being such as tools, pottery and weapons

Culture- A set of beliefs, Knowledge and

patterns of living that a group people
develop
Palaeolithic Period (Paleolithic Period) 
• also called Old Stone Age
• ancient cultural stage, or level, of human
development, characterized by the use
of rudimentary chipped stone tools
• People were nomads, Hunters-gatherers
• Tools:
• Pebbles tools, stone tools, Hand ax, Spear
• Language was developed to improve
communication
• Art
– Carved figures out of stone, ivory and bone
– Painted and carved images on cave wall
1. Teach religious beliefs
2. Express themselves
3. Teach hunting practices
• Clothing- animal skin
• Shelter
Mesolithic Period
• “Middle Stone Age”
• Adaptation to environment
• Efficiency in hunting  
– exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable
food sources
• More complex tools:
– fish hooks & spears, bow & arrow and canoes
• Pottery
• pets
Neolithic Period
• “New Stone Age”
• Neolithic Revolution- change from being
nomadic to creating permanent settlements
• Tools:
– saws & drills
– made fire
• Learned to plant seeds & grow crops –
agriculture
• Domestication of plants & animals
– Food, clothing, carrying loads, etc.
Bronze Age
How was Bronze first discovered?
• About 2500BC people in the Middle East
discovered how to use metal
• The first metal they used was Copper
• But copper was too soft
• Then they realised that if you added tin to
copper it made a harder metal called
Bronze
Why was bronze better than Stone?

• It was harder wearing

• It could be shaped more easily

• It had a sharper edge

• There is plenty of
copper
– For example, Mount Gabriel,
Co Cork and near Kilarney,
Co Kerry

• Copper & Tin are minerals

found in rocks in the form
of ore
Smelting
The Iron Age
Iron Age
• The final technological and cultural stage
in the Stone–Bronze–Iron Age sequence
• Iron metal replaced bronze in implements
and weapons
• In the Middle East Iron had limited use as
a scarce and precious  metal (3000 BCE)
“With the beginnings of metallurgy,
the Stone Age of man comes to an
end; with the beginnings of writing,
prehistory comes to an end; with
the beginnings of agriculture,
man's parasitism on nature gives
way to co-operation with nature”
– R.J. Forbes
Scientific Revolution
• The scientific revolution is claimed to have
started in the early 16th century up to the
18th century in Europe
– Invention of printing machines
– Blooming intellectual activities done in various
places of learning
– growing number of scholars in various field of
human interests
Scientific Revolution
• Scientific revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the developments in
the fields of Mathematics, Physics,
Astronomy, Biology, and Chemistry
transformed the views of society about
nature
 Ancient Times
• Transportation and navigation
– Transportation was significant during that time
because people were trying to go to places and
discover new horizons
• search for foods
• better locations for settlements
• For trade surplus goods
– Navigation assisted them in their journeys to
unfamiliar and strange areas in the world
• it allowed them to return home after they discovered
new places or completed an important trade with
another group of people
• Communication
– essential to their endeavours to discover and
occupy new places
– to facilitate trade and avoid conflict
• Record keeping
– important to remember places and document
trades
– to keep records of history and culture
• mass production
• Weapons and Armors
– Development of weapons and armours for
security and protection
• Conservation of Life
– Cures for illnesses and diseases
• Engineering
– Build structures that would address their
specific needs and wants
• Architecture
– Others might see architecture as a mere style,
but during the ancient times, elaborate
architectural designs were signs of
technological advancements of a particular
civilization
Sumerian Civilization
• Sumeria- located on the Southernmost tip
of ancient Mesopotamia

• Sumerian are known for their high degree

of cooperation and desire for great
things
 Cuneiform
• Sumerian developed the
first writing system
known as Cuneiform
• System that utilizes
pictures and triangular
symbols carved on clay
using wedge instruments
• Keep records of things
with great historical value
or their everyday life
 City of Uruk
• Considered the first city in the world
• The city was built using mud or clay (from
the river) mixed with reeds producing sun-
baked bricks
• They used the bricks to build houses and
walls around the city
City of Uruk
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
• “Mountain of God”
• Built in the same manner that they built the
City of Uruk
• The sacred place of their Chief God,
where only the priests can enter
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Irrigations and dikes
• Sumerians created irrigations and dikes to bring
water to farmland and to control the flooding of
the rivers
• Considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works
Sailboats

• Boats were able to carry large quantities

of products and were able to cover large
distance
• Sumerian needed a mode of
transportation that did not require much
human resource
• Sailboats were essential in transportation
and trading as well as fostering culture,
information and technology
Sailboats
Wheel
• The first wheels were meant for farm work and
food processes
• Wheel and axle- made mass production easier
• farmers were able to mill grains with less effort
and time
Plow
 Roads
• Created to facilitate faster and easier travel
• Sumerian made roads the same way they made
the sun-baked bricks
• Bitumen- black sticky substance similar to asphalt
Babylonian Civilization
• Babylonian civilization emerged ear
theTigris and Euprates Rivers
• Babylonians were great builders,
engineers and architects
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylons- One
of the seven wonders of the ancient world
The Hanging Gardens of Babylons
Egyptian Civilization
• Egyptian civilization was located in North
Africa
Papyrus (paper) and ink
• Clay tablets- used before paper
• Papyrus- a plant that grew abundantly
along Nile river in Egypt
• Egyptian were able to process the plant
into thin sheets on which one cold write
down things
• Ink- invented by combining soot with
different chemicals to produced ink of
different colors
Papyrus (paper) and ink
 Hieroglyphics
• A system of writing using symbols
• The language that tells the modern world the
history and culture of ancient egyptians
 Cosmetics
• Cosmetics were
used for health and
aesthetic reasons
• Kohl- worn around
the eyes to prevent
and cure eye
diseases
• Make up was
protection from evil
and beauty was a
sign of holiness
 Wig
• Worn for health
and wellness
• Used to protect
the shaved head
of wealthy
Egyptians from
harmful rays of
the sun
 Clepsydra (Water clock)
• This device utilizes
gravity that affect
the flow of water
from one vessel to
the other

• Widely used as time

keeping device
during ancient times
Greek Civilization
• Greece is an archipelago in the
Southeastern part of Europe
• Birth place of Western Philosophy
• Philosophy, Mathematics, Science and
Technology
 Alarm Clock
• It used large
complicated
mechanism to time
the alarm
• Plato- was believed
to have utilized an
alarm to signal the
start of his lecture
Water mill
• Commonly used in agricultural process
Roman Civilization
• Roman Empire was perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the
West
Newspaper
• Gazettes- first newspaper
– Contained announcements of the Roman
empire to the people
– Made before the invention of paper
– Engraved on metal or stone tablets and
publicly displayed
 Codex or Bound books
• Documenting historical
events and legislated laws
• Literature also changed
forms
– clay tablets to parchments
of papers
• Julius Caesar- started the
tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a
book
• Cover- made of wax, later
on they used animal skin
Roman Architecture
• Roman Architecture was considered
continuation of Greek Architecture
• Large Churches, aqueducts, coliseum,
amphitheaters, residential houses
Roman Numerals
Chinese Civilization
• Considered the oldest civilization in Asia
• Known as the middle kingdom
• Famous for its silk trade
Silk
• Chinese developed technology to harvest
silk and process it to produce paper and
clothing
Tea Production
• Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shred tea leaves
into strips
Great wall of China
• Constructed to keep out foreign invaders
and control the boarders of China
Gun powder
• One of the most interesting inventions in
China
• Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality
• Used in fireworks and gun-powder
propelled weapons
Medieval/ Middle Ages
• The start of middle ages was marred by
massive invasion and migrations
• War was prevalent
 Printing press
• Woodblock printing- Chinese
• Printing press
– invented byJohann
Gutenberg
– A more reliable way of
printing using a cast type
– Wooden machine
• Mechanical Printing press
Microscope
• First Compound Microscope was
developed by Zacharias Janssen
Telescope
• The invention of telescope, an optical
instrument that help in the observation of
remote objects, was great help to
navigation
 War weapons
• Cross bows and Long bows
• Iron body armors
 Modern Times

• Development
of Industries
 Pasteurization
• Louis Pasteur- invented Pasteurization, the
process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil
faster
– Molecular asymmetry, fermentation and
vaccination
Telephone
• Telephone- developed by Alexander
Graham Bell
Calculator
• Creation of modern calculators did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculation but also resulted in the
development of complex processing
machines like computer
Philippine Inventions
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
• Developed by Victor Llave and his team at
H2O Technologies
• Can cross not only flooded streets but also
rivers and lakes
 SALt Lamp
• Sustainable Alternative
Lighting (SALt) Lamp
– Developed by Aisa Mijeno
– Utilize saltwater (abundant in
the Philippines)
– Safer as it pose no risk on fire
and emits no toxic gas
 Medical Incubator
• Lack of available
incubators
• Dr. Fe Del Mundo- devised
medical incubator using
indigenous materials and
does not require electricity
– Immunization and
treatment of jaundice
and the BRAT diet for
curing diarrhea
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System

• Dengue- a mosquito borne viral illness, is

endemic in tropical and subtropical areas
– Usually transported by Aedes aegypti mosquito
• 2010, DOST-ITDI, introduced the Mosquito
Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System also
known as OL Trap
– This trap system is made up of natural
ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe
for humans
Mosquito OL Trap System
EJeepney
• Electric Jeepney-environmental friendly
since it does not emit any smoke and
noise
 Credits
1. Bronze Age
Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_manageme
nt
2. Tools: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania
3. Axe:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_axe_Early_Bro
nze_Age.jpg
4. Artefacts:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/HMB_Bron
zezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg
5. Smelting image with furnace:
http://eochemistry.wikispaces.com/Bronze+Age
6. 6. Smelting Process:
http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I00002faJnk9ElpY/s/860/6
88/Bronze-Age-metal-working-1.jpg
• 7. Pottery:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Campaniforme_Ciem
pozuelos_(M.A.N._Inv.32252)_01.jpg

• 8. Drombeg Fulachta Fia: http://www.geograph.ie/photo/239921

• 9. Fulachta Fia:
http://frametoframe.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/drombeg-stone-circle-t
he-fulacht-fiadh-cooking-place-glandore-county-cork-ireland.jpg

• 10. Cist Grave/Skeleton:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/bbcwalesnortheast/4321885680/in/photolist-cNHwPQ-d
qGcAN-7zUN3m-d4ctNs-d4ctZG-dTmT7Z-7rneG1-dSyJkY-ei4eLG-8wa8hL-bynUd9-
ei49Nf-d4cuT9-d4RMbh-d4RadN-d4RePA-d4Rf6Y-d4RaJC-d4RfnW-d4ReA9-d4ct7Y/

• 11. Wedge Tomb:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Glantane_East_Wedg
e_Tomb.jpg

• 12. Stone Circle:

http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/01/43/10/1431051_cfa197e8.jpg