Traversing and Traverse Computation

TRAVERSING AND
TRAVERSE
COMPUTATION
TRAVERSING
AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
 Interior Angle Traverse
 Deflection Angle Traverse
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATIO
INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE

Used principally in land surveying
Angles formed between the adjacent sides of a closed figure are known as
interior angle. Maybe measured either clockwise or counter clockwise direction, however, the usual
practice is to measure the angles clockwise.
Sample Problem
The observed interior angle of a closed traverse are as follows: A, 153°30’00”; B, 58° 20’20”; C, 139°19’00”; D, 78°21’20”; E, 110°28’00”.
Determine the angular error of the same amount of each station. Tabulate values accordingly.
Solution:
a) Determining the angular Error of Closure
n = 5 (number of interior angles in the traverse)
Sum1 = angle A + angle B + angle C + angle D + angle E
= 153°30’00” + 58° 20’20” + 139°19’00 ” + 78°21’20” + 110°28’00”
= 539°58’40” (sum of observed interior angle)
Sum2 = (n – 2) 180° = (5 – 2) 180°
= 540° (sum of the interior angles for a five-sided closed traverse)

Closure = Sum2 – Sum1 = 540° - 539°58’40”

= +0°01’20” (angular error for the observations made)
Closure +0°01’20”
Correction = n = 5
= +16” (correction to be applied to each interior abgle)
b) Adjusting the interior angles

Angle A’ = A + corr = 153°30’00” + 16” = 153°30’16” OBSERVED ADJUSTED
Angle B’ = B + corr = 58°20’20” + 16” = 58°20’36” STAT INT. CORR
INT. ANGLE
Angle C’ = C + corr = 139°19’00” + 16” = 139°19’16”
ANGLE
Angle D’ = D + corr = 78°21’20” + 16” = 78°21’36”
Angle E’ = E + corr = 110°28’00” + 16” = 110°28’16” A 153°30’00” +16” 153°30’16”
B 58° 20’20” +16” 58° 20’36”
C 139°19’00 ” +16” 139°19’16 ”
Solution check: D 78°21’20” +16” 78°21’36”
E 110°28’00” +16” 110°28’16”
Sum2 = angle A + angle B + angle C + angle D + angle E
540° = 153°30’16” + 58° 20’36” + 139°19’16 ” + 78°21’36” + 110°28’16”
540° = 540° SUMS 539°58’40” +1’20” 540°00’00”

DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE

Used frequently for the location survey of roads, railroads, pipelines, transmission lines,
canals, and other similar types of surveys.
Employed to a lesser extent in land surveys
Illustrative Problem
The following are the observed deflection angles of a closed traverse:
A = 28°25’00” (L) E = 108°13’30” (L)
B = 68°03’30” (L) F = 16°50’00” (R)
C = 120°34’00” (L) G = 110°00’30” (L)
D = 58°30’00” (R)
Compute the error of closure and adjust the angular values by assuming that the error is the same for each angle. Tabulate values
accordingly.
Solution:
a) Determining the Error of Closure.
n = 7 (number of deflection angles)
∑ DEFLL = A + B + C + E + G
= 28°25’00” + 68°03’30” + 120°34’00” + 108°13’30” + 110°00’30”
=435°16’30” (sum of the left deflection angles)
∑ DEFLR = D + F
= 58°30’00” + 16°50’00”
= 75°20’00” (sum of the right deflection angles)
DIFF1 = ∑ DEFLL - ∑ DEFLR
= 435°16’30” - 75°20’00”
= 359°56’30” (difference between the two sums)
ERROR = 360° - DIFF = 360° - 359°56’30”
= 3’30” (angular error of closure)
CORR = ERROR = 3’30”

n 7
= 0’30” (correction to be applied to each observed deflection angle)
b) Adjusting the Deflection Angles
A’ = A + Corr = 28°25’00” (L) + 30” = 28°25’30” (L)
Note. By analyzing the observed values, it will be seen that
B’ = B + Corr = 68°03’30” (L) + 30” = 68°04’00” (L) the left deflection angles must be increased and the sum of
C’ = C + Corr = 120°34’00” (L) + 30” = 120°34’30” (L) the right deflection angles must be decreased.
D’ = D + Corr = 58°30’00” (R) - 30” = 58°29’30” (R)
E’ = E + Corr = 108°13’30” (L) + 30” = 108°14’00” (L)
F’ = F + Corr = 16°50’00” (R) - 30” = 16°49’30” (R)
G’ = G + Corr = 110°00’30” (L) + 30” = 110°01’00” (L)
Solution check:
∑ Adj DEFLL = A’ + B’ + C’ + E’ + G’
= 28°25’30” + 68°04’00” + 120°34’30” + 108°14’00” + 110°01’00”
= 435°19’00” (sum of the adjusted left deflection angles)
∑ Adj DEFLR = D’ + F’
= 58°29’30” + 16°49’30” c) Tabulated Solution
= 75°19’00” OBSERVED DEFL ANGLE ADJUSTED DEFL ANGLE

STA CORR
DIFF2 = ∑ Adj DEFLL - ∑ Adj DEFLR LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT
= 435°19’00” - 75°19’00” A 28°25’00” +30” 28°25’30”

B 68°03’30” +30” 68°04’00”
= 360°00’00” C 120°34’00” +30” 120°34’30”
D 58°30’00” -30” 58°29’30”
F 108°13’30” +30” 108°14’00”
E 16°50’00” -30” 16°49’30”
G 110°00’30” +30” 110°01’00”
SUMS 435°16’30” 75°20’00” 435°19’00” 75°19’00”
(∑ DEFLL ) (∑ DEFLL ) (∑ Adj DEFL L) (∑ Adj DEFLR)

TRAVERSING
AND TRAVERSE
COMPUTATIONS
ANGLE TO THE RIGHT TRAVERSE

Measured clockwise or right hand direction from the back sight on the back line to a forward line.
(n+2) 180° (n-2) 180°

1.) ANGLE TO THE RIGHT TRAVERSE.
A five-sided closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angle to
the right of each station were observed as follows:
αb
αa
αa = 240°30’
αb = 238°15’
αc = 289°53’ αc
αd = 220°04’
αe = 271°13’ αe
n=5
αd
SOLUTION.
a.) Determining the Error of Closure.
Sum1 = αa + αb + αc + αd + αe
= 240°30’ + 238°15’ + 289°53’ + 220°04’ + 271°13’
= 1259°55’
Sum2 = (n + 2) x 180° = (5 + 2) x 180°
= 1260°00’
Error = Sum2 - Sum1 = 1260°00’- 1259°55’

= + 0°05’
b.) Adjusting the Observed Angles.
Corr =
=
α’a = αa ± Corr = 240°30’ + 0°01’ = 240°31’
α’b = αb ± Corr = 238°15’ + 0°01’ = 238°16’
α’c = αc ± Corr = 289°53’ + 0°01’ = 289°54’
α’d = αd ± Corr =220°04’ + 0°01’ = 220°05’
α’e = αe ± Corr =271°13’ + 0°01’ = 271°14’
Solution Check:
Sum2 = α’a + α’b + α’c + α’d + α’e
1260°00’ = 240°31’ + 238°16’ + 289°54’+ 220°05’ + 271°14’

c.) Tabulated Solution.
STA OBSERVED ANGLE CORR ADJUSTED ANGLE

TO THE RIGHT TO THE RIGHT
A 240°30’ +01’ 240°31’
B 238°15’ +01’ 238°156
C 289°53’ +01’ 289°54’
D 220°04’ +01’ 220°05’
E 271°13’ +01’ 271°14’
SUMS 1259°55’ +05’ 1260°00’

AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Measured clockwise either from the North or South end of a selected reference
meridian to the line.
2.) AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.
Determine the bearing and azimuth from north of all traverse
lines, and the angle to the right of each station.
STA STA DISTANCE AZIMUTH STA STA DISTANCE AZIMUT
OCC OBS (m) FROM OCC OBS (m) H FROM
SOUTH SOUTH
A E 210.10 90°28’ D C 174.50 236°13’
B 170°30’ E 357°58’
B A 155.34 350°30’ E D 330.00 177°58’

C 123°05’ A 270°28’
C B 206.85 303°05’
D 56°13’
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.
a.) Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all Traverse Lines.
Station A
αab = 180°00’ - 170°30’
= 9°30’ (Bearing of line AB: N 9°30’ W)
Ꝋab = 180°00’ + 170°30’
= 350°30’ (Azimuth from North of line AB)
Station B
αbc = 180°00’ - 123°05’
= 56°55’ (Bearing of line BC: N 56°55’ W)
Ꝋbc = 180°00’ + 123°05’
= 303°05’ (Azimuth from North of line BC)
Station C
α = 56°13’ (Bearing of line CD: S 56°13’ W)
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.
Station D
αde = 360°00’ - 357°58’
= 2°02’ (Bearing of line DE: S 2°02’ E)
Ꝋ
de = 357°58’ + 180°00’
= 177°58’ (Azimuth from North of line DE)
Station E
αea = 360°00’ - 270°28’
= 89°32’ (Bearing of line EA: S 89°32’ E)
Ꝋea = 270°28’ + 180°00’
= 90°28’ (Azimuth from North of line EA)
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.
b.) Determining Angle to the Right at Each Station.
Station A
фa = 170°30’ - 90°28’
= 80°02’
Station B
фb = (360°00’ - 350°30’) + 123°05’
= 132°35’
Station C
фc = (360°00’ - 303°05’) + 56°13’
= 113°08’
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.
Station D
ф = 357°58’ - 236°13’
d
= 121°45’
Station E
фe = 270°28’ - 177°58’
= 92°30’
Solution Check:
фa + фb + фc + фd + фe = (n-2) 180°
80°02’ + 132°35’ + 113°08’ + 121°45’ + 92°30’ =

(5 – 2) 180°
540° = 540°
LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES
 The Latitude of a line is its projection onto the
reference meridian or a north-south line.
 Latitudes are sometimes referred to as northings

and southings bearing positive (+) as being north
and negative (-) as being south.
 While the parallel or the east-west line. Departures

bearing east as positive (+) and west as negative (-)
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATI
Latitudes and Departures

FORMULAS:
Latitude: Departures:
Dep = d sinα Lat = d cosα

Example:
COURSE DISTANCE (m) BEARINGS
AB 550.30 N28° 10’E
BC 395.48 S69° 35’E
CD 462.70 S27° 50’ E
DE 631.22 N50° 00’E
EF 340.05 S25° 05’E
FG 275.86 DUE EAST


Solution:
DETERMINING LATITUDES: Lat = d cos α DETERMINING DEPARTURES: Dep = d sin α
Latab = 550.30 cos 28°10’ = 485.13 m Depab = 550.30 sin 28°10’ = 259.76 m
Latbc = 395.48 cos 69°35’ = - 137.96 m Depbc = 395.48 sin 69°35’ = 370.64 m
Latcd = 462.70 cos 27°50’ = - 409.17 m Depcd = 462.70 sin 27°50’ = 216.04 m
Latde = 631.22 cos 50°00’ = 405.74 m Depde = 631.22 sin 50°00’ = 483.54 m
Latef = 340.05 cos 25°05’ = - 307.98m Depef = 340.05 sin 25°05’ = 144.16 m
Latfg = 275.86 cos 90°00’ = 0.00 m Depfg = 275.86 sin 90°00’ = 275.86 m

Tabulated solution:
Linear Error of Closure

 It is usually a short line of unknown length
and direction connecting the initial and final
traverse stations of the traverse.
Relative Error of Closure

 Ratio of the linear error of closure to the
perimeter or total length of the traverse.
ERROR OF CLOSURE
Example:
ERROR OF CLOSURE
Solution:
DETERMINING COURSE LATITUDES: Lat = d cosα DETERMINING COURSE DEPARTURES: Dep = d sin α
Latab = 233.10 cos 122° 30’ = -125.24 m Depab = 233.10 sin 122° 30’ = 196.59 m
Latbc = 242.05 cos 85° 15’ = 20.04 m Depbc = 242.05 sin 85° 15’ = 241.22 m
Latcd = 191.50 cos 20° 00’ = 179.95 m Depcd = 191.50 sin 20° 00’ = 65.50 m
Latde = 234.46 cos 333° 35’ = 209.98 m Depde = 234.46 sin 333° 35’ = - 104.31 m
Latef = 270.65 cos 254° 08’ = - 74.00m Depef = 270.65 sin 254° 08’ = - 260.34 m
Latfa = 252.38 cos 213° 00’ = -211.66 m Depfa = 252.38 sin 213° 00’ = -137.46 m
Solution:
D = dab + dbc + dcd + dde + def + dfa
= 233.10 + 242.05 + 191.50 + 234.46 + 270.65 + 252.38
= 1,424.14 m
ΣNL = Latbc + Latcd + Latde CL = ΣNL + ΣSL

= 20.04 + 179.95 + 209.98 (total correction
in latitude)
= 409.97 m Tan θ = -CD / -CL
= 409.97 + ( -
410.90) = -(1.20) / -(-0.93)
ΣSL = Latab + Latef + Latfa =-1.290323
= - 0.93 m
= - 125.24 – 74.00 – 211.66
= 410.90 m CD = ΣED + ΣWD θ = 52° 13’ (therefore, the bearing of the side of
(total correction error is N52° 13’W)
ΣED = Depab +Depbc + Depcd of closure)
= 196.59 + 241.22 + 65.50 = 503.31 + (- RP = LEC / D
= 503.31 m 502.11) = 1.52 / 1,424.14
= 1.20 m = 1 / 936.93 say 1 / 900 (precision of the measurements)
ΣWD = Depde + Depef + Depfa
= -104.31 – 260.34 – 137.46 LEC = √CL2 + CD2
= -502.11 m = √(-0.93)2 +
(1.20)2
= 1.52 m
Tabulated solution:
Traversing and
traverse computations
Traverse Adjustment
 The procedure of computing the linear error of closure and applying
corrections to the individual latitudes and departures for the purpose of
providing a mathematically closed figure. There are different rules and
methods used in adjusting a traverse. Some are performed in graphical
method and others are in analytical method.
 Least squares method – provides the most
rigorous adjustment .
 Arbitrary method, compass rule, transit
rule, and the Crandall method – they are
all approximate methods of traverse
adjustment.
TRAVERSING
 Traverse Adjustment
 Arbitrary method
 Compass rule
 Transit rule
Arbitrary Method
 The latitudes and departures are adjusted in a discretionary
manner according to the surveyor’s assessment of the
conditions surrounding the survey.
 It is the simplest to perform.
 This method does not conform to established rules or
mathematical equations since the surveyor simply relies on
his own estimation and personal judgment.
Compass Rule
 Also called Bowditch Rule.
 Named after the distinguished American Navigator Nathaniel
Bowditch (1773-1838)
 Based on the assumption that:
All lengths are measured with equal care and all angles are taken with approximately
the same precision. The errors in the measurement is accidental and that the total error in
any side of the traverse is directly proportional to the total length of the traverse. The
correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to the total
closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the course to the
total length or perimeter of the traverse.
Compass Rule
Cl= CL(d/D) and Cd=CD(d/D)

where Note:
If the sum of the north
Cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course. latitudes exceeds the sum of
the south latitudes, latitudes
Cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course. corrections are subtracted from
north latitudes and added to
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of the north corresponding south latitudes.
However, if the sum of the
and south latitudes ( ΣNL + ΣSL ). south latitudes, exceeds the
sum of the north latitudes, the
CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the corrections are applied in the
east and west departure ( ΣED + ΣWD ). opposite manner. A similar
procedure is used when
d = length of any course. adjusting the departure.
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse.

Example
From the field notes of a closed traverse shown below, adjust the traverse
a) Using compass rule
b) Compute the linear error of closure
c)Compute the relative error or precision
Course Bearings Distance
AB Due North 400.00 m
BC N 45°E 800.00 m
CD S 60° E 700.00 m
DE S 20° W 600.00 m
EA S 86°59' W 966.34 m
Latitude = d cos α
LatAB = 400.00 cos(0) = +400.00

Course Bearings Distance Latitude Departure
(+N)(-S) (+E)(-W)
AB Due North 400.00 m +400.00
BC N 45°E 800.00 m +565.69
CD S 60° E 700.00 m -350.00
DE S 20° W 600.00 m -563.82
EA S 86°59' W 966.34 m -50.86

Departure = d sin α
DepAB = 400.00 sin(0) = 0
Course Bearings Distance Latitude Departure
(+N)(-S) (+E)(-W)
AB Due North 400.00 m +400.00 0
BC N 45°E 800.00 m +565.69 +565.69
CD S 60° E 700.00 m -350.00 +606.22
DE S 20° W 600.00 m -563.82 -205.21
EA S 86°59' W 966.34 m -50.86 -965.00

Total Closure in Latitude and Departure
ΣNL = 400.00 + 565.69 = 965.69
ΣSL = - 350.00 - 563.82 - 50.86 = -964.68
ΣED = 565.69 + 606.22 = 1171.91
ΣWD = -205.21- 965.00 = -1170.21
CL = ΣNL + ΣSL CD = ΣED + ΣWD
= 965.69 + (-964.68) = 1171.91 + (-1170.21)
CL = 1.01 CD = 1.70
D = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5
= 400.00 m + 800.00 m + 700.00 m + 600.00 m + 966.34 m D= 3466.34
Corrections for Latitude:
Cl= CL(d/D)
K1 = CL/D Cl = dK1
K1 = 1.01/3466.34 = 0.000291374
CAB = 0.000291374 x 400.00 = 0.12
CBC = 0.000291374 x 800.00 = 0.24
CCD = 0.000291374 x 700.00 = 0.20
CDE = 0.000291374 x 600.00 = 0.17
CEA = 0.000291374 x 966.34 = 0.28
Corrections for Departure:
Cd=CD(d/D)
K2 = CD/D Cd = dK2
K2 = 1.70/3466.34 = 0.00049043
CAB = 0.00049043 x 400.00 = 0.20
CBC = 0.00049043 x 800.00 = 0.40
CCD = 0.00049043 x 700.00 = 0.34
CDE = 0.00049043 x 600.00 = 0.29
CEA = 0.00049043 x 966.34 = 0.47
Adjusting Latitudes and Departures
AdjLat= Computed Latitude ± Cl AdjDep= Computed Departure ±
Cd
AdjLatAB = +(400.00 – 0.12) = 399.98 AdjDepAB = +(0 – 0.20) = -0.20
AdjLatBC = +(565.69 – 0.24) = 565.45 AdjDepBC = +(565.69 – 0.40) = 565.29
AdjLatCD = -(350.00 + 0.20) = -350.20 AdjDepCD = +(606.22 – 0.34) = 605.88
AdjLatDE = -(563.82 + 0.17) = -563.99 AdjDepDE = -(205.21 + 0.29) = -205.50
AdjLatEA = -(50.86 + 0.28) = -51.14 AdjDepEA = -(965.00 + 0.47) = -965.47
Course Latitude Departure Adjusted Latitude Adjusted
Correction Correction (+N) (-S) Departure
(+E) (-W)
AB 0.12 0.20 +399.98 -0.20
BC 0.24 0.40 +565.45 +565.29
CD 0.20 0.34 -350.20 +605.88
DE 0.17 0.29 -563.99 -205.50
EA 0.28 0.47 -51.14 -965.47

Linear Error of Relative Error
Closure
L'= √(CL)²+(CD)² Tan α= (-CD/-CL)
= √(1.01)²+(1.70)² = -(+1.70)/-(1.01)
= 1.97740 = +1.68
LEC/D = 1.97740/3466.34
RE =1/3466.34/1.97740
= 1/1753
Meaning only 1 meter error is allowed for every 1753m
distance measured.
Transit Rule
 No sound theoretical foundation since it is purely empirical.
Not commonly used but best suited for surveys where
traverse sides are measured by stadia or subtense-bar method.
 Based on the assumption that:
 The angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements and
that the errors in traversing are accidental.
 The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to
the latitude (or departure) of the course multiplied by the ratio of the total closure
in latitude ( or departure ) to the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes ( or
departure ) of the traverse.
Transit Rule
ΣNL = summation of Note:

north latitudes Latitude and departure
ΣSL = summation of corrections are applied
south latitudes in a manner similar to
ΣED = summation of east that described for the
departures compass rule.
ΣWD = summation of
west departures
Adjusted Lengths and Directions
 After the latitudes and departures of the course of a closed
traverse have so adjusted, the bearings ( or azimuth ) of the
course and their lengths should also be adjusted to correspond
to the adjusted latitudes and departures.
where:
L’ = adjusted length of a
course
Lat’= adjusted latitude of a
course.
Dep’= adjusted departure of
a course.
α’= adjusted horizontal angle
between the reference
meridian and a course.
Least square method
The best way of adjusting survey data particularly to a precise measurements. The method
of least-squares adjustment of a travers is suitable for use on electronic
computers. It is useful for determination of the best value and for estimating the
relative worth of different determination.
However, it is somewhat complex, laborious to perform, and requires lengthy
computations.
Crandall method
Application of the theory of least-squares, which can be used to compute corrections to the
measured distances to make the traverse close mathematically. Crandall rule adjustment
assumes that there are error in distance measurements and distribute an angular error
throughout the traverse.
Example
Line Bearing Distance
AB N 05° 30’ E 495.85 m
BC N 46° 02’ E 850.62 m
CD S 67° 38’ E 855.45 m
DE S 12° 25’ E 1020.87 m
EF S 83° 44’ W 1117.26 m
FA N 55° 09’ W 660.08 m
Solve the following:

a. Latitude and departure
b. Transit rule
c. Adjusted latitude and departure
d. Adjusted lengths and bearing
a. Latitude and Departure
Line Bearing Distance Computed latitude Computed departure

+N -S +E -W
AB N 05° 30’ E 495.85 m 493.57 47.52
BC N 46° 02’ E 850.62 m 590.53 612.23
CD S 67° 38’ E 855.45 m -323.53 791.09
DE S 12° 25’ E 1020.87 m -996.99 219.51
EF S 83° 44’ W 1117.26 m -121.96 -1110.58
FA N 55° 09’ W 660.08 m 377.19 -541.70
Sum ƩNL=1469.21 ƩSL=-1444.35 ƩED=1670.35 ƩWD=-1652.28
a.
Line Correction Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

LAT DEP +N -S +E -W
AB 493.57 47.52
BC 590.53 612.23
CD -323.53 791.09
DE -996.99 219.51
EF -121.96 -1110.58
FA 377.19 -541.70
Sum ƩNL=1469.21 ƩSL=-1444.35 ƩED=1670.35 ƩWD=-1652.28
TRAVERSING
 Graphical Method
 Rectangular Coordinates
 Coordinate Method
Rectangular Coordinates
 Rectangular coordinates are the convenient method

available for describing the horizontal position of survey
points.
 With the application of computers, rectangular
coordinates are used frequently in engineering projects
 In the US, the x–axis corresponds to the east–west
direction and the y–axis to the north–south direction
Rectangular Coordinates Example
In this example, the length of AB is 300 ft. and bearing is
shown in the figure below. Determine the coordinates of
point B.
Latitude AB =300 ft. cos(4230’)

= 221.183 ft.
Departure AB =300 ft. sin(4230’)
= 202.677 ft.
x B = 200 + 202.667 = 402.667 ft.
y B = 300 + 221.183 = 521.183 ft.
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the adjusted latitudes and departures of a closed
traverse. Calculate the coordinates of each station along the traverse if the coordinates of
station A are X= 3,000.00m and Y= 4,000.00m. Tabulate values accordingly.
ADJUSTED LATITUDES ADJUSTED DEPARTURES

LINE
+N -S +E -W
AB 405.50 202.25
BC 218.13 175.64
CD 71.08 415.36
DE 325.67 355.62
EF 389.70 85.51
FA 488.52 739.08
SUMS 949.30 949.30 973.23 973.23
In this example, it is assumed that the coordinates of points
A and B are know and we want to calculate the latitude and
departure for line AB
LatitudeAB= yB – yA
Latitude AB = -400 ft
Departure AB = xB – xA
Departure AB = 220 ft.
Consider our previous example, determine the x and y
coordinates of all the points
x coordinates
E = 0 ft.
A = E + 159.974 = 159.974 ft.
B = A – 20.601 = 139.373 ft.
C = B + 86.648 = 226.021 ft.
D = C – 195.470 = 30.551 ft.
E = D – 30.551 = 0 ft.
y coordinates
C = 0 ft.
D = C + 29.933 ft.
E = D + 139.080 = 169.013 ft.
A = E + 171.627 = 340.640 ft.
B = A –188.388 = 152.252 ft.
C = B –152.252 = 0 ft.
Compute the x and y coordinates from the following balanced.
Side Bearing Length Latitude Departure Balanced Points Coordinates

(ft.) Latitude Departure X Y
AB S 6 15 W 189.53 -188.403 -20.634 -188.388 -20.601 A 100. 100.

BC S 29 38 E 175.18 -152.268 86.617 -152.253 86.648 B
CD N 81 18 W 197.78 29.916 -195.504 29.933 -195.470 C
DE N 12 24 W 142.39 139.068 -30.576 139.080 -30.551 D
EA N 42 59 E 234.58 171.607 159.933 171.627 159.974 E
939.46 -0.079 -0.163 0.000 0.000
COORDINATE METHOD
 When a survey is run and made to close on a distant terminal

station or point of known coordinates, it will be expected that
the computed coordinates of the terminal will be an error of
closure along x-axis and also along y-axis.
 This is due to inherent errors in both angular and linear

measurements during traversing.
COORDINATE METHOD
FORMULAS: Where:
d= distance between any two stations whose x and y coordinates are
d= known
Cx= Xk-Xc X2= coordinate along the x-axis of a succeeding station
Y2= coordinate along the y-axis of a succeeding station
Cy= Yk – Yc X1= coordinate along the x-axis of a preceding station
RP= Y1= coordinate along the x-axis of a preceding station
Cx= error of closure along the x-axis
x= d( Xk= known, coordinate along the x-axis of the distant terminal station
y= d( Xc= computed coordinate along the x-axis of the distant terminal station
X’= X ± x Yk= known, coordinate along the y-axis of the distant terminal station
Yc= computed coordinate along the y-axis of the distant terminal station
Y’= Y ± y RP = relative precision of closure
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse from the initial station to the
distant terminal station
x = coordinate correction along the x-axis
y = coordinate correction along the y-axis
X’ = adjusted X coordinate of a station
Y’ = adjusted Y coordinate of a station
Coordinate Method Example
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the known and computed coordinates of stations along a
traverse. The traverse originates on station Baguio whose known coordinates are X= 6,2018.67 and
Y= 8,601.44, and closes on a station Acupan whose known coordinates are X= 5,226.10 and Y=
5,782.62. Adjust the coordinates of the traverse station and tabulate values accordingly
STATION Computed Coordinates

X Y
Baguio 6,208.67 8,601.44
A 7, 030.45 9,299.54
B 6,984.53 7,698.69
C 7,001.14 7,260.00
D 7,112.99 6,774.08
E 6,586.70 5,941.82
F 6,147.28 6,058.24
G 5,467.06 6,066.64
Acupan 5,226.18 5,782.98

Traversing and Traverse Computation

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What is an interior angle traverse and how is it used?

What is an interior angle traverse and how is it used?

What is a deflection angle traverse and how is it used?

What is a deflection angle traverse and how is it used?

TRAVERSING AND

INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE

a) Determining the angular Error of Closure

n = 5 (number of interior angles in the traverse)

Sum1 = angle A + angle B + angle C + angle D + angle E

= 153°30’00” + 58° 20’20” + 139°19’00 ” + 78°21’20” + 110°28’00”

= 539°58’40” (sum of observed interior angle)

Sum2 = (n – 2) 180° = (5 – 2) 180°

= 540° (sum of the interior angles for a five-sided closed traverse)

Closure = Sum2 – Sum1 = 540° - 539°58’40”

b) Adjusting the interior angles

540° = 153°30’16” + 58° 20’36” + 139°19’16 ” + 78°21’36” + 110°28’16”

540° = 540° SUMS 539°58’40” +1’20” 540°00’00”

DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE

CORR = ERROR = 3’30”

= 28°25’30” + 68°04’00” + 120°34’30” + 108°14’00” + 110°01’00”

= 435°19’00” (sum of the adjusted left deflection angles)

= 58°29’30” + 16°49’30” c) Tabulated Solution

= 75°19’00” OBSERVED DEFL ANGLE ADJUSTED DEFL ANGLE

= 435°19’00” - 75°19’00” A 28°25’00” +30” 28°25’30”

SUMS 435°16’30” 75°20’00” 435°19’00” 75°19’00”

(∑ DEFLL ) (∑ DEFLL ) (∑ Adj DEFL L) (∑ Adj DEFLR)

ANGLE TO THE RIGHT TRAVERSE

(n+2) 180° (n-2) 180°

a.) Determining the Error of Closure.

Error = Sum2 - Sum1 = 1260°00’- 1259°55’

α’a = αa ± Corr = 240°30’ + 0°01’ = 240°31’

α’b = αb ± Corr = 238°15’ + 0°01’ = 238°16’

α’c = αc ± Corr = 289°53’ + 0°01’ = 289°54’

α’d = αd ± Corr =220°04’ + 0°01’ = 220°05’

α’e = αe ± Corr =271°13’ + 0°01’ = 271°14’

1260°00’ = 240°31’ + 238°16’ + 289°54’+ 220°05’ + 271°14’

STA OBSERVED ANGLE CORR ADJUSTED ANGLE

B 238°15’ +01’ 238°156

C 289°53’ +01’ 289°54’

D 220°04’ +01’ 220°05’

E 271°13’ +01’ 271°14’

SUMS 1259°55’ +05’ 1260°00’

B A 155.34 350°30’ E D 330.00 177°58’

80°02’ + 132°35’ + 113°08’ + 121°45’ + 92°30’ =

 Latitudes are sometimes referred to as northings

 While the parallel or the east-west line. Departures

Latitudes and Departures

Latitudes and Departures

AB 550.30 N28° 10’E

BC 395.48 S69° 35’E

CD 462.70 S27° 50’ E

DE 631.22 N50° 00’E

EF 340.05 S25° 05’E

FG 275.86 DUE EAST

Latitudes and Departures

Latitudes and Departures

Linear Error of Closure

Relative Error of Closure

ΣNL = Latbc + Latcd + Latde CL = ΣNL + ΣSL