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    Structural Geology: Deformation and Mountain Building

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    BS GeoPhysics
    1) The document discusses structural geology and how tectonic stresses deform and strain the crust, resulting in geological structures like folds and faults. 2) Different types of stresses can result in different geological structures, such as compressive stresses causing folds and various types of faults forming depending on the stress. 3) Strike and dip are used to define the orientation of planar geological features like bedding planes, faults, and joints. Understanding these orientations is important for geological mapping and interpretation of features.

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    Structural Geology: Deformation and Mountain Building

    Uploaded by

    BS GeoPhysics
    52 views36 pages
    1) The document discusses structural geology and how tectonic stresses deform and strain the crust, resulting in geological structures like folds and faults. 2) Different types of stresses can result in different geological structures, such as compressive stresses causing folds and various types of faults forming depending on the stress. 3) Strike and dip are used to define the orientation of planar geological features like bedding planes, faults, and joints. Understanding these orientations is important for geological mapping and interpretation of features.

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    10.Lecture_5 (3)

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    1) The document discusses structural geology and how tectonic stresses deform and strain the crust, resulting in geological structures like folds and faults. 2) Different types of stresses can result in different geological structures, such as compressive stresses causing folds and various types of faults forming depending on the stress. 3) Strike and dip are used to define the orientation of planar geological features like bedding planes, faults, and joints. Understanding these orientations is important for geological mapping and interpretation of features.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    52 views36 pages

    Structural Geology: Deformation and Mountain Building

    Uploaded by

    BS GeoPhysics
    1) The document discusses structural geology and how tectonic stresses deform and strain the crust, resulting in geological structures like folds and faults. 2) Different types of stresses can result in different geological structures, such as compressive stresses causing folds and various types of faults forming depending on the stress. 3) Strike and dip are used to define the orientation of planar geological features like bedding planes, faults, and joints. Understanding these orientations is important for geological mapping and interpretation of features.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    1

    Structural Geology:
    Deformation and Mountain
    Building
    2

    Tectonic Stresses  Large Scale Strain


    of the Crust - Geologic Structures
    Crust:
    Rigid,
    Thin

    • Inner core: Solid iron Mantle:


    Plastic,
    Convecting
    • Outer core: Liquid iron,
    convecting (magnetic field)

    • Mantle (Asthenosphere) : Solid


    iron-magnesium silicate, plastic,
    convecting

    • Crust (Lithosphere): Rigid, thin


    5-30km
    3

    Tectonics and
    Structural Geology
    Tectonic Stresses resulting
    from Internal Energy (heat
    driving convection) Strains
    (deforms) the Mantle and Crust

    Bends Rocks
    ductile strain (Folds)

    •Breaks Rock
    •brittle strain (Joints)

    •Moves large blocks


    •Faults

    Releases energy Earthquakes


    4
    5

    Folds and Faults (Palmdale, Ca)


    6

    Kaynasli, Turkey
    7

    Stresses at Plate
    Boundaries

    • Divergent
    (Tensional)
    |
    • Convergent
    (Compressional)
    |
    • Transform
    (Shear)

    e.g., Pacific NW
    8

    Geological
    Structures
    • Different stresses result in
    various forms of strain
    (geologic structures)
    • Folds (compressive stresses
    may cause ductile strain)
    • Faults (Any type of stress
    may cause brittle strain. The
    type of fault depends on the
    type of stress)
    9

    Geological Structures
    • Fault: a discontinuity surface
    across which there has been
    shear displacement

    • Hangingwall: the wall and body


    of rock above an inclined fault

    • Footwall: the wall and body of


    rock beneath an inclined fault
    10

    Geological Structures

    • Normal Fault: hanging wall


    moved downwards compared
    to the footwall

    • Reverse Fault: hanging wall


    moved upwards compared to
    the footwall

    • Thrust fault: low angle reverse


    fault
    11

    Geological Structures

    • Strike Slip Fault: displacement


    parallel to the fault plane.

    • Can be left or right handed!


    12

    Stikes and Dips are used to identify


    geologic structures
    13

    Strike and Dip


    • Define and map the orientation of planar
    features
    • Bedding planes (sedimentary rocks)
    • Foliation
    • Joints
    • Faults
    • Dikes
    • Sills
    • Ore Veins

    Fig. 10-4, p. 221


    14

    Strike and Dip


    Strike and Dip Map
    • Strike: The line of Symbol
    intersection between the
    plane and a horizontal
    surface
    • Dip: Angle that the plane
    makes with that horizontal
    plane

    Fig. 10-4, p. 221


    15

    Anticline (fold)
    16

    Syncline (fold)
    17
    18

    Plunging
    Anticline
    19

    Fold Terminology

    • Hinge: the greatest


    curvature of a folded
    surface
    Axis Axis

    • Axial plane: a planar


    surface defined by the
    successive positions of fold
    hinges

    • Plunge
    20

    Plunging Anticline, Colorado


    21

    Domes and Basins


    22
    23

    Brittle Strain  Joints

    • When shallow crust is strained


    rocks tend to exhibit brittle
    strain
    24

    Sheet Joints
    25

    Defining Fault Orientation


    • Strike of fault plane
    parallels the
    • fault trace
    • fault scarp

    • Direction of Dip of the


    fault plane indicates the
    Hanging wall block
    26

    Fault:
    • Movement occurring along a discontinuity
    • Brittle strain and subsequent movement as a result
    of stress
    • Fault terminology
    27

    Faults

    • Fault: When
    movement
    occurs along a
    discontinuity

    • Fault type
    depends on
    the type of
    stress
    28

    Normal Faults
    29

    Normal Faults, Horsts and Grabens


    30

    Horsts and Grabens


    • Older Rocks are exposed along the ridges
    formed by the horsts
    Horst
    Horst Graben
    Graben

    • Younger rocks lie beneath the grabens


    • Sediment fills in the linear valleys
    31

    Nevada
    • “Washboard
    topography” is the result
    of Horsts and Grabens
    • A.k.a, Basin and Range
    • E.g., Humbolt Range
    • E.g., Death Valley
    (Graben)
    32

    Horst and Graben, Nevada

    Horst

    Graben

    Humboldt Range, Northern Nevada


    33

    Horst and Graben, Nevada

    Horst

    Graben

    Humboldt Range, Northern Nevada


    34

    Reverse and Thrust Faults

    • Compressive stress
    causes the hanging wall
    to move upward
    relative to the foot wall
     Reverse Fault

    • At convergent plate
    boundaries ancient
    rocks can be thrust
    over younger rocks 
    Thrust Fault
    35

    Thrust Fault: Glacier NP, Montana

    Old

    Younger
    36

    Strike Slip Faults


    • Physiographic Features

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