2.2.4 Training and Development

2.2.
4 Training and Development

Definition
Training is the formal and systematic modification

of behavior through learning which occurs as a
result of education, instruction, development and
planned experience.
Development is any learning activity, which is

directed towards future, needs rather than
present needs, and which is concerned more
with career growth than immediate performance.
Training, Development, and Education
HRD programs are divided into three main categories: Training,

Development, and Education.
Training is the acquisition of technology, which permits employees to

perform their present job to standards. It improves human performance on
the job the employee is presently doing or is being hired to do. Also, it is
given when new technology in introduced into the workplace.
Development is training people to acquire new horizons, technologies, or

viewpoints. It enables leaders to guide their organizations onto new
expectations by being proactive rather than reactive. It enables workers to
create better products, faster services, and more competitive organizations. It
is learning for growth of the individual, but not related to a specific present or
future job
Training, Development, and Education
Education is training people to do a different job. It is often given to

people who have been identified as being promotable, being
considered for a new job either lateral or upward, or to increase their
potential. Unlike training, which can be fully evaluated immediately
upon the learners returning to work, education can only be completely
evaluated when the learners move on to their future jobs or tasks.
Distinction between Training and Education
The following table draws a distinction between training and

education more clearly.
Training Education
Application Theoretical orientation
Job Experience Classroom learning
Specific Tasks General concepts
Narrow perspective Broad perspective
Distinction between Training and Development
Learning Training Development

Who Non-managers Managers
What Technical Theoretical
Why Specific job General
When Short term Long term
Purpose of Training
 􀂉 To increase productivity and quality
 􀂉 To promote versatility and adaptability to new methods
 􀂉 To reduce the number of accidents
 􀂉 To reduce labour turnover
 􀂉 To increase job satisfaction displaying itself in lower labour turn-

over and less absenteeism
 􀂉 To increase efficiency
When does the need for training arise?
 􀂃 The installation of new equipment or techniques
 􀂃 A change in working methods or products produced
 􀂃 A realization that performance is inadequate
 􀂃 Labour shortage, necessitating the upgrading of some employees
 􀂃 A desire to reduce the amount of scrap and to improve quality
 􀂃 An increase in the number of accidents
 􀂃 Promotion or transfer of individual employees.
 􀂃 Ensures availability of necessary skills and there could be a pool of talent

from which to promote from.
Advantages of Training
1. Leads to improved profitability and/or more positive attitudes toward profits orientation.
2. Improves the job knowledge and skills at all levels of the organization.
3. Improves the morale of the workforce.
4. Helps people identify with organizational goals.
5. Helps create a better corporate image.
6. Fasters authentically, openness and trust.
7. Improves the relationship between boss and subordinate.
8. Aids in organizational development.
9. Learns from the trainee.
10. Helps prepare guidelines for work.

Disadvantages of training
– 1. Can be a financial drain on resources; expensive

development and testing, expensive to operate?
– 2. Often takes people away from their job for varying periods of
time;
– 3. Equips staff to leave for a better job
– 4. Bad habits passed on
– 5. Narrow experience
Areas of Training
The Areas of Training in which training is offered may be

classified into the following categories:
Knowledge
Here the trainee learns about a set of rules and regulations
about the job, the staff and the products or services
offered by the company. The aim is to make the new
employee fully aware of what goes inside and outside
the company.
Technical Skills
The employee is taught a specific skill (e.g., operating a
machine and handling computer) so that he can acquire
that skill and contribute meaningfully.
Areas of Training Conti.
Social Skills
The employee is made to learn about himself and other, develop a

right mental attitude, towards the job, colleagues and the
company. The principal focus is on teaching the employee how to
be a team member and get ahead.
Techniques
This involves the application of knowledge and skill to various on-the-

job situations. In addition to improving the skills and knowledge of
employees, training aims at clouding employee attitudes: When
administered properly, a training programme. It will go a long way
in obtaining employee loyalty, support and commitment to
company activities.
Issues in Employee Training
1. Communications: The increasing diversity of today's workforce

brings a wide variety of languages and customs.
2. Computer skills: Computer skills are becoming a necessity for

conducting administrative and office tasks.
3. Customer service: Increased competition in today's global

marketplace makes it critical that employees understand and
meet the needs of customers.
4. Diversity: Diversity training usually includes explanation about

how people have different perspectives and views, and
includes techniques to value diversity
Issues in Employee Training Conti.
5. Ethics: Today's society has increasing expectations about

corporate social responsibility. Also, today's diverse workforce
brings a wide variety of values and morals to the workplace.
6. Human relations: The increased stresses of today's workplace can

include misunderstandings and conflict. Training can people to get
along in the workplace.
7. Quality initiatives: Initiatives such as Total Quality Management,

Quality Circles, benchmarking, etc., require basic training about
quality concepts, guidelines and standards for quality, etc.
8. Safety: Safety training is critical where working with heavy

equipment, hazardous chemicals, repetitive activities, etc., but can
also be useful with practical advice for avoiding assaults, etc.
Training Process
Steps in the Training Process
1. Organizational objectives
2. Assessment of Training needs
3. Establishment of Training goals
4. Devising training programme
5. Implementation of training programme
6. Evaluation of results
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2.2.4 Training and Development

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2.2.

4 Training and Development

Training is the formal and systematic modification

Development is any learning activity, which is

HRD programs are divided into three main categories: Training,

Training is the acquisition of technology, which permits employees to

Development is training people to acquire new horizons, technologies, or

Education is training people to do a different job. It is often given to

The following table draws a distinction between training and

Learning Training Development

 􀂉 To promote versatility and adaptability to new methods

 􀂉 To reduce the number of accidents

 􀂉 To reduce labour turnover

 􀂉 To increase job satisfaction displaying itself in lower labour turn-

 􀂃 The installation of new equipment or techniques

 􀂃 A change in working methods or products produced

 􀂃 A realization that performance is inadequate

 􀂃 Labour shortage, necessitating the upgrading of some employees

 􀂃 A desire to reduce the amount of scrap and to improve quality

 􀂃 An increase in the number of accidents

 􀂃 Promotion or transfer of individual employees.

 􀂃 Ensures availability of necessary skills and there could be a pool of talent

3. Improves the morale of the workforce.

4. Helps people identify with organizational goals.

5. Helps create a better corporate image.

6. Fasters authentically, openness and trust.

7. Improves the relationship between boss and subordinate.

8. Aids in organizational development.

9. Learns from the trainee.

10. Helps prepare guidelines for work.

– 1. Can be a financial drain on resources; expensive

– 3. Equips staff to leave for a better job

– 4. Bad habits passed on

The Areas of Training in which training is offered may be

The employee is made to learn about himself and other, develop a

This involves the application of knowledge and skill to various on-the-

1. Communications: The increasing diversity of today's workforce

2. Computer skills: Computer skills are becoming a necessity for

3. Customer service: Increased competition in today's global

4. Diversity: Diversity training usually includes explanation about

5. Ethics: Today's society has increasing expectations about

6. Human relations: The increased stresses of today's workplace can

7. Quality initiatives: Initiatives such as Total Quality Management,

8. Safety: Safety training is critical where working with heavy

2. Assessment of Training needs

3. Establishment of Training goals

4. Devising training programme

5. Implementation of training programme

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