SAN JUAN BAUTISTA PRIVATE

UNIVERSITY
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
SPECIALTY IN CLINICAL LABORATORY AND
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

TUBERCULOSIS(TBC)
COURSE: English
TEACHER: Dra. Carmen Valdez Villafuerte
STUDENTS:-Avellaneda Villegas Sally
-Giraldo Pinedo Elsa
-Loarte Ñahuinlla Gian Marcos
-Santoyo Palomino Erika
-Vivanco Euribe Angelica
2020
 WHAT IS
TUBERCULOSIS?

It is an infectious and highly

contagious disease caused by the
Koch Bacillus (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) that frequently
attacks the lungs, but can
compromise any other part of the
body.
 HOW IS IT
TRANSMITTED
?
In respiratory infections, the infection
is transmitted through the air from
person to person through respiratory
secretions such as sputum (when
spitting or with phlegm) or by the
release of aerosols when coughing,
sneezing, laughing or breathing.
 CAUSAL
AGENT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

-It is a rounded rod-shaped bacillus.

-It is resistant to acid and alcohol.
-Its great virulence is due to the fact that it can live a
long time outside the body, but exposure to light
destroys it.
-It is associated with HIV virus infection.
RISK FACTORS

 Not all people who are exposed to M.

tuberculosis become infected.

 Not all those who have a latent infection end

up developing an active infection.
Those who are at a greater risk of
developing active TB include:
 People who are in close contact with someone who has active TB disease.
 Immigrants from areas of the world where the incidence of TB is high.
 Children younger than 5 years old who have a positive TB skin test.
 People who work with, or are part of, groups with high rates of infection, such as
the homeless, IV drug users, or confined populations, such as hospitalized
patients, prisoners, and residents of nursing homes.
 People with weakened immune systems such as:
• Those with HIV infection
• Those with chronic underlying conditions, including diabetes and kidney disease
 SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
• A latent TB infection does not cause symptoms.
• A person may have a latent TB infection for years without knowing it
• It is usually detected when you have a positive IGRA blood test or a TB
skin test.
 The classic symptoms of active TB
disease in the lungs (pulmonary
TB)
 Chronic cough, sometimes
with bloody sputum
 Fever, chills
 Night sweats
 Unexplained weight loss
 Weakness
 Chest pain
 TB outside the lungs
(extrapulmonary disease)
Symptoms can vary depending on the site that is infected.
 It may cause few noticeable symptoms or a wide range.
• Back pain and paralysis (spinal TB)
• Weakness due to anemia (TB in the bone marrow)
• Joint pain
• Pain associated with the reproductive system or urinary tract and possibly resulting in infertility
• Abdominal pain
• Fever and shortness of breath (TB in the pericardium or miliary TB, which occurs when M.
tuberculosis infects multiple organs)
• Altered mental state, headache, and coma (TB in the brain and/or central nervous system,
meningitis)
A diagnosis of active tuberculosis depends on the
positive identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
the body fluids or tissues.
 TEST
TUBERCULO
SIS
SCREENING
TESTS
Testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may begin with an IGRA TB blood test or a
TB skin test. These screening tests are not diagnostic; they do not tell whether a person has latent
TB or an active infection. Additional exams and tests (see Tests to Diagnose Active TB below)
must be performed in follow up to a positive screening result.
TB screening is not used as a general screening test for all people but is targeted at those who
are at a high risk for contracting the disease and those who have signs and symptoms
consistent with an active TB infection. TB screening may also be done as part of a physical
examination prior to starting school or a new job. There are two types of tests used to screen
people at high risk for TB; usually only one of the tests is performed:
The tuberculin skin test (TST) is performed by
injecting a small amount a substance called purified
protein derivative (PPD) just under the skin on a
person's forearm. The person must return to the
healthcare provider's office 2 or 3 days after the PPD
is injected so the injection site can be examined. If the
person is infected with M. tuberculosis, a firm red
bump will form at the injection site.
The interferon gamma release
assay (IGRA) is a blood test that
measures how strongly a
person's immune system reacts
to specific TB antigens.
 TESTS TO DIAGNOSE
ACTIVE TB
• Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) testing can be used to identify and confirm active
infection with M. tuberculosis as well as other Mycobacterium species.
(Mycobacteria are called acid-fast bacilli because they are rod-shaped bacteria
(bacilli) that can be seen under the microscope following a staining procedure in
which the bacteria retain the color of the stain after an acid wash (acid-fast).)
One or more of these tests may be performed when a person has signs and
symptoms or TB disease or screened positive for TB infection.
PREVENTION • Prevention lies in the identification, isolation and
treatment of those affected before they can transmit
the infection to other people.
• In areas where TB is very frequent, a vaccine called
BCG (Calmette-Guérin bacillus) is routinely
administered; However, studies have shown that this
vaccine does not prevent all cases of TB.
• Prevention also lies in early detection, which is based
on identifying those high-risk individuals and testing
them regularly for latent TB infection.