OPERATING SYSTEM

AJAZ KHAN BAIG

Class : BSSE SEMESTER 4

Credit Hours ( 3+1)
 EXAMS %

ASSIGNMENTS(4) 10

QUIZZES(4) 10

MID TERM EXAM 30

FINAL EXAM 50

 ATTENDENCE 70% IS MANDATORY FOR FINAL EXAM

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 NOT ALLOWED:
 Talking with others which causes disturbance
 Eating /drinking in class
 Can’t leave class without permission
 Can’t use mobile phone in class or out of class during class
hours

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1 INTODUCTION TO OS, 16 SCHEDULER ALGORITHM

2 COMPUTER SYSTEM ORANIZATION 17 DEADLOCKS

3 COMPUTER HARDWARE OVERVIEW 18 FILE SYSTEM MANAGMENT

4 OS STRUCTURE 19 DATA STRUCTURE OF FILE

MANAGMENT
5 OS ENVIRONMENTS 20 DISK STORAGE

6 TYPES OF I/O COMTROLLERS 21 STORAGE MANAGMENT

7 HARDWARE PROTECTION ISSUES 22 MEMORY MANAGEMENT

8 SYSTEM CALLS AND DEVICE DRIVERS 23 DATA STRUCTURE RELATED TO

MEMORY
MANAGEMENT
9 PROCESSES, MANAGEMENT, MODELS, 24 PAGING
ALGOS
10 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESSES 25 SEGMENTATION

11 MODELING MULTIPROGRAMMING 26 SECURITY, SECURITY ISSUES IN OS

12 THREADS 27

13 IMPLEMENTING THREADS 28

14 INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION 29

15 CPU SCHEDULING, TYPES OF 30

SCHEDULERS 08/25/20
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 Lecture # 1

overview
BOOK:
Operating System Concepts
by Galvin , 8th Edition

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 What is OS
 OS Organization
 Different Definitions of OS
 Computer hardware overview
 OS brief History
 Overview of:
 OS Structure
 Types of OS
 Functions/Goals of OS
 Services of OS
 Computing environments

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 Act as intermediary between User, and
computer H/W

 Set of programs for interaction with user

program and hard ware.

 Make computer system convenient to use

 Use of hardware in an efficient manner

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 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user
and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of
programs .

 It provides an environment for other programs to do useful work.

 Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources to the user programs

 Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations

of I/O devices .

 Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being application
programs)

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 HARDWARE
• Input hardware (mouse, keyboard, CPU)
• Output hardware (Monitor, Printer)
 SOFTWARE
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE(OS AND UTILITY S/W)
• USER/APPLICATION SOFTWARE

System Software Application Software

Operating system(Windows, Linux ) MS Office

Assembler Paint

Compiler Multimedia players

Linker Database

Interpreter Image processing tools(Photoshop, Coral

Draw etc.)
loader Programming tools(Netbeans, Java etc.)
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 Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory,
I/O devices).
 Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware among the various application programs for the various users.
 Applications programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users

 Users (people, machines, other computers).

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 Assume we are using MS-Paint over Windows - when do
we need to access the OS?
 Loading the application / terminating the application
 Memory allocation / management
 Access to IO devices – keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor
 CPU allocation
 Copy / Paste (inter-process communication)

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User
programs

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 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
(through memory controller)

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• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

• Each device controller is in charge of a particular device

type
• Each device controller has a local buffer

• CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local

buffers
• I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller

• Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its

operation by causing an interrupt

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• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting
• Coordination between other software and users
• Efficient use of computer resources

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• MEMORY:
 Main memory is a large array of words
 Has its own address
 Fast storage, access directly by the CPU.
• Memory management activities
 Keeps tracks of primary memory
  Decides which process will get memory
 when and
 how much
 Allocates the memory when the process requests
 De-allocates the memory

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 OS decides which process gets the processor
when and how much time called
 Process scheduling
 Activities:
• Keeps tracks of processor
• Status of process
• Allocates the processor(CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when processor is no longer required

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 OS manages device communication via drivers.
Operating
 Activities for device management.
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known
as the I/O controller.

 Decides which process gets the device

 Allocates the device in the efficient way.

 De-allocates devices

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 File system is organized into directories
 Activities for file management
 Keeps track of information,
 location
 uses
 status etc.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.

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 Security – defense of the system against internal and external attacks
• Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity theft,
theft of service
 Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who can do
what
• User identities (user IDs, security IDs)
• User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to
determine access control
• Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and
controls managed,
• then also associated with each process, file
 Protection
• Any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to
resources defined by the OS

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 Control over system performance --
• Recording delays between request for a service and response from the
system.
 Job accounting --
• Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
 Error detecting
• Production error messages and other debugging and error detecting
• Coordination between other software and users
• Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and
other software to the various users of the computer systems
 Efficient use of computer resources

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 Program execution
 I/O operations
 File System manipulation
 Communication
 Error Detection
 Resource Allocation
 Protection
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 Batch processing:

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 Mainframe Systems:
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers
 control from one job to another.
 Resident monitor
• initial control in monitor
• control transfers to job
• when job completes control transfers pack to monitor

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 Multitasking:

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 Multi-programmed Batch Systems
• Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time

• and the CPU is multiplexed among them.

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 Multiprogramming:

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 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming:

• I/O routine supplied by the system.

• Memory management – the system must allocate the

memory to several jobs.

• CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several

jobs ready to run.

• Allocation of devices

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 An operating system is a program that manages the computer
hardware. It also provides a basis for application programs and acts
as an intermediary between the computer user and the computer
hardware. An amazing aspect of operating systems is how varied
they are in accomplishing these tasks. Mainframe operating systems
are designed primarily to optimize utilization of hardware.

 Because an operating system is large and complex, it must be created

piece by piece. Each of these pieces should be a well-delineated
portion of the system, with carefully defined inputs, outputs, and
functions.

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 Operating system components:
• Hardware
• Operating system
• Applications programs
• Users
 Computer system organization
• Applications
• User program
• Utilities
• Operating system
• hardware
 Hardware Architecture

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 Goals or function of OS
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users
• Efficient use of computer resources
• Memory management – the system must allocate the memory to several
jobs.
• CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs ready to run.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nZRqPctQf8U&list=PLTZbNwgO5ebqnympIYe2GX
4hjjsS9Psdm

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