World Literature

World
Literature
Introduction
to
Poetry refers to those expressions in
verse, with the measures, rhymes,
lines, stanzas, and melodious tone.
Students who delight in the study of
poetry and appreciate poems are
usually those who have awareness of
artistic features.
Poetry is not intended merely to
entertain. It has a two-fold function:
to delight and to instruct, which was
defined by Horace, the Roman writer
who lived during the reign of Augustus
Caesar in the 1st century B.C. Poetry
usually canters on comments and ideas
that are necessary to human needs.
The aim of poets is either to be
beneficial or to delight, or to combine
charm and high applicability to life in
their phrases. Delighting and teaching
the reader, the poet who mixes the
sweet with the useful has everybody’s
approval.
Poets are not only authors of language
and music, they are also the
institutions of laws, the founders of
civil society, the inventors of the arts
of life, and teachers who draw into
certain dimensions the beautiful and
the truth.
Divisions and
Types of
1. Lyric Poetry
The utterance of the human heart is in poetic form. In

earlier times, lyric poems were meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a musical instrument known as the lyre. A
lyre is a stringed musical instrument of the harp class which
was used by the ancient Greeks.
The subject and moods of lyric poetry dwell on love, death

and grief, religion and feelings, the beauty and love of nature,
art, the world of fancy and imagination, the environment, and
others. It is subjective to the authors’ feelings and thoughts.
It includes the following:
Simple Lyric
This embraces a wide variety of poems

and is characterized by subjectivity,
imagination, melody and emotion.
Song
This is a short lyric poem which has a

specific melodious quality and is
intended to be sung and can be set
easily to music. It can either be
religious or secular. Religious songs
include hymns, anthems and oratories.
Secular songs deal with different
themes and emotions.
Sonnet
It is lyric poem of 14 lines with a

formal rhyme. It was perfected in
Italy by Francesco Petraca in the 14th
century.
Elegy
It is a poem expressing lament or

grief for the dead. It may expresses
the personal sorrow of the author
over a loss of loved one or it may be a
form of meditation on death in
general. It is solemn and sorrowful,
yet it can suggest hope and faith to
alleviate sorrow.
Doe
This is the most splendid type of lyric

poetry. It is exalted in tone, projects
deep feelings and expresses high
praise for some persons, objects,
events or ideas.
2. Narrative Poetry
It tells a story that follows an order

event. It includes ballad, metrical
romance and epic.
Ballad
It is a short simple narrative poem

composed to be sung, and orally told
from one generation to another. The
folk, primitive or popular ballads are
kinds of ballads which were written
anonymously.
Metrical Romance
This is a narrative poem which is written in

verse and can be classified either as a
ballad or a metrical romance. It is a long
rambling love story in verse which is
centered around the adventures of knights
and lords, and their royal ladies during the
age of chivalry. It is heavily flavored in
romance, fantastic events, supernatural
occurrences, magic and the ideas of the
medieval period such as truth, courage,
reverence and justice.
Epic
This is a long, majestic narrative poem

which tells the adventures of a
traditional hero and the development
of a nation. Examples of epics are
Homer’s The Iliad and Odyssey from
Greece, Beowulf of England,
Mahabharata and Ramayana of India,
El Cid of Spain, The Song of Roland of
France and the Nibelungenlied of
Germany.
3. Dramatic Poetry
This poetry has elements that are

closely related to drama because it is
written in dramatic form or makes use
of a dramatic technique. It may
suggest a story but more emphasis is
placed on the characters rather than
the narration. Examples include:
Dramatic Monologue
This is a combination of drama and poetry

which presents the speech of the character in
a particular situation at a critical moment.
The speaker addresses one or more people
who are present and are listening to the
speaker, but who remain silent. The
personality of the speaker, his character, his
relationship to others, and his values and
attitudes towards life are indirectly collected
from his monologue.
Soliloquy
This is a passage spoken by the

speaker in a poem or by a character in
a play except that there is no more
present to hear him except the reader
or the audience. The thoughts express
the emotions displayed, and the
revelations are made freely poetic
dramas to enrich, to make
characterization clearer and to inform
the audience about other
developments in the play.
Character Sketch
This is a poem classified by Laurence

J. Zillman, in which the writer is
concerned less with complete or
implied matters of a story, but rather
with arousing sympathy for antagonism
or mere interest in an individual. The
poet serves as an observer and
commentator.
Poetry is a type of literature that
conveys a thought, describes a scene
or tells a story in a concentrated,
lyrical arrangement of words. Poems
can be structured, with rhyming lines
and meter, the rhythm and emphasis
of a line based on syllabic beats.
Poems can also be freeform, which
follows no formal structure.
The basic building block of a poem is a
verse known as a stanza. A stanza is a
grouping of lines related to the same
thought or topic, similar to a
paragraph in prose. A stanza can be
subdivided based on the number of
lines it contains. For example, a
couplet is a stanza with two lines.
On the page, poetry is visibly unique: a
narrow column of words with recurring
breaks between stanzas. Lines of a
poem may be indented or lengthened
with extra spacing between words.
The white space that frames a poem is
an aesthetic guide for how a poem is
read.
Thank You!

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World

The utterance of the human heart is in poetic form. In

The subject and moods of lyric poetry dwell on love, death

This embraces a wide variety of poems

This is a short lyric poem which has a

It is lyric poem of 14 lines with a

It is a poem expressing lament or

This is the most splendid type of lyric

It tells a story that follows an order

It is a short simple narrative poem

This is a narrative poem which is written in

This is a long, majestic narrative poem

This poetry has elements that are

This is a combination of drama and poetry

This is a passage spoken by the

This is a poem classified by Laurence

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