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Communication Proce Sses, Principles, and Et Hics

Communication is a complex process involving a sender, message, and receiver. It includes both verbal and non-verbal elements. Verbal communication involves symbols like words and language, while non-verbal communication conveys meaning through body language, gestures, eye contact, and other physical cues. Effective communication depends on understanding different contexts, cultures, and minimizing noise that can interfere with the intended message.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
254 views38 pages

Communication Proce Sses, Principles, and Et Hics

Communication is a complex process involving a sender, message, and receiver. It includes both verbal and non-verbal elements. Verbal communication involves symbols like words and language, while non-verbal communication conveys meaning through body language, gestures, eye contact, and other physical cues. Effective communication depends on understanding different contexts, cultures, and minimizing noise that can interfere with the intended message.
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COMMUNICATION PROCE

SSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ET


HICS
LESSON 1:

The Communication Process


Communication is derived from the latin word "comm
on" which means, "belonging to many" and "communic
o" means to confer with others. It is the mutual exchan
ge of information, ideas, and understanding by any effec
tive means.
In other words, communication is a process by which p
eople send messages or exchange ideas or thoughts wit
h one another in a verbal or non-verbal manner.
Communication is the interactionof words froma societ
y and thus gives pleasure and an increased understandi
ng of life.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER (encoder)
- decides on the message to be sent and the b
est/most effective way that it can be sent.
- it is the sender's job to CONCEPTUALIZE (for
m a concept of idea).
2. MEDIUM (message)
- is the immediate form which a message takes. Fo
r example, a message may be communicated in the form
of letter, an email or face to face in the form of a speech
.

3. CHANNEL
- is responsible for the delivery of the chosen mes
sage form.
- for example: post office, internet, television, and
radio
4. RECEIVER (decoder/listener)
- is responsible for extracting/decoding meanin
g from the message.
- also responsible for providing feedback tp the
sender.
- it's his/her job to interpret.
5. FEEDBACK (response)
- this is important as it determines whether or
not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and
whether the communication was successful.
6. CONTEXT
- the context of any communication act is the e
nvironment surrounding it.
- it is also known as the setting of the commun
ication.
7. NOISE (also called interference)
- this is the factor that inhibits the conveyance
of a message.
- is anything that interferes with communicatio
n.
a. Physical Noise - is interference that is external to
both speaker and listener; it hampers the physical tra
nsmission of the signal or message.

Examples of Physical Noise:


• Loud party at the neighbors while you're trying to r
ecord.
• Irritating hum of your computer, air conditioner, or
electric fan.
b. Physiological Noise - is created by barriers within t
he sender or receiver.
• Examples of physiological noise on the encoder's si
de are: articulation problems, mumbling, talking to
o fast, talking too slow, forgetting to pause, and forg
etting to breathe.
• An example of physiological noise on the listener's s
ide: hearing problems. Maybe the listener can't hea
r high tones as clearly as they used to. For some, lo
w tones are the problem. Their difficulty in literally
hearing words and sounds becomes physiological n
oise.
c. Psychological Noise
- is mental interference in the speaker or listener
.
- wandering thoughts, preconceived ideas, and s
arcasm can be a kind of psychological noise.

d. Semantic Noise
- is interference created when the speaker and l
istener have different meaning systems.
The communication process is dynamic, continous, ir
reversible, and contextual. It is not possible to partici
pate in any element of the process without acknowle
dging the existence and functioning of the other ele
ments.
LESSON 2:

Principles and Characteristi


cs of Communication
1. Communication is Schema-driven
- it begins with your self, you begin with what yo
u have already stocked in your brain or with what yo
u have already known or understood about the subje
ct matter of the communicative act. Transmitted mes
sages become understandable or meaningful becaus
e of your background knowledge about the messages
2. Communication is an Interpretive Act
- the only person who knows the exact or full mea
ning of the message transmitted is the sender or speake
r. Being the creator or source of the ideas, he has the ab
solute knowledge about the message.
- it was called interpretive act because the role of t
he receiver or the listener is just to interpret, infer, or gu
ess, the mesning of things appealing to his sense of hear
ing.
3. Communication does not guarantee a direct or auto
matic link between two minds
- this form of knowledge becomes meaningful only
to others when you initiate communication with them.
4. Communication is active, powerful, or forceful
- communication is said to be active because m
essages have varied effects on all participants in any
communicative event. It engages speakers and listen
ers inaction of giving and receiving information.
- communication is powerful ang forceful for it
elicits different meanings or reactions: these messag
es are prone to changes. Subjected to the changeabl
e and continued existence of the world, communicati
on is dynamic (a process or system characterized by c
onstant change) as life that goes on and on like a rive
r, nothing remains permanent or fixed in the world of
communication.
5. Communication is symbolic
- symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sen
tences, graphs, pictures and other concrete objects r
epresent or stand for ideas that you intend to convey
verbally.
- for non-verbal communication, you resort bodi
ly actions (gestures, eye movements, posture, facial e
xpressions) voice quality, space and time elements to
stand for the ideas you want to express.
6. Communication always results in something
- it refers to two or more persons participste in
any communicative act. The first expresses or sends a
message; the second reponds or reacts to the messa
ge.
7. Communication is irreversible
- you are free to talk about anything under the
sun, but once you utter something, the things you ha
ve said remain as it is susceptible to different interpre
tations or meanings.
8. Communication is contextual
- an exchange of views, ideas, or feelings, does
n't only involve the sender and receiver, but also oth
er aspects of the communication setting like type, pla
ce topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of communi
cation.
9. Communication is developmental or progressive
- to communicate ideas to go through the differ
ent stages of language learning thst begins from birth
to elementary, high school and college levels. It is not
a one-time learning towards communicative compete
nce.
10. Communication is a progress
- several stages of communication take place wh
en people exchange or share ideas with one another.
Each stage involves elements with different functions
.
11. Communication is ethical
- any communication event is expected to apply
rules, moral values, and beliefs agreed upon by societ
al members. Guided by these standards determined
by the cultural group you belong to, your community
communication becomes ethical, good or desirable.
12. Communication is influenced by media and tech
nology
-now, you are in the era of knowledge explosio
n or modern technology. This period is chsracterized
by an instant global exchange of knowledge, services
and technology, using modern electronic communica
tion devices, an exchange of ideas occurs just in seco
nds or minutes reagrdless of the distance between or
among the participants. With the speedy turn out of
varied modern media and devices of communication
like the email, cellphone, webcam, internet and othe
r computer-run gadgets find interaction with anyone
in any corner of the world easily and quickly.
LESSON 3:
Communication Cues:
Verbal and Non-Verbal
Language
Verbal Language
• Verbal language consists of symbols such as lette
rs, words, and other marks that you need to subj
ect to language or grammar rules for a coherent
or organized of understanding or expressing idea
s. This verbal or spoken language becomes a wri
tten language once you put on paper or any surf
ace the marks or prints symbolizing or representi
ng the ideas you intend to convey or have spoke
n to others.
• Verbal symbols refer to the use of speaker langu
age (Amtonio, et. al., p. 30)
Non-Verbal Language
• As with other aspects of communication, norm
s for non-verbal communication vary from coun
try to country and also among cultures within a
particular country. Some non-verbal communic
ation behaviors appear to be somewhat innate
because they are universally recognized. Such u
niversal signals are the "eyebrow flash" of we k
now and the "open hand" and the "palm up" ge
stures that signals a person who would like som
ething or needs help (Martin and Nakayama, fi0
10).
• Smiling is also a universal non-verbal behavior, but the trig
gers that lead a person to smile vary from culture to cultu
re. The expansion of media, particularly from the United S
tates and other Western countries around the world, is le
ading to more non-verbal similarities among cultures, but
the biggest cultural difference in non-verbal communicati
on occur within the categories of eye contact, touch, and
personal space (Pease and Pease, fi004 Non-verbal Comm
unication) like other forms of communication influenced b
y context and varies among individuals within a particular
cultural group as well.
• The idea you want to convey through this non-verbal com
munication are symbolized or represented, not by words
but by the following non-verbal language symbols:
1. Body Movements - also known as Body Kinesics.
- big and small movements of your body like
gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye behavio
r expresses meanings.
- Kinesics derived from the Greek word "kine
sis" meaning "motion" which refers to the stidy of bo
dy movements.

2. Paralanguage - refers to the ways of saying someth


ing.
- these are extra sounds that go with your sp
oken words and a study of these special sounds acco
mpanying your words is called Paralinguistic.
Examples of Paralanguage are the following:
a. Speaking voice produced by your voice's
Highness and lowness (pitch)
Loudness or softness (volume)
Speediness and lowness (duration/rate)
Rising and falling (intonation)
Pleasing or unpleasing sound - shrillness, huski
ness, breathiness, mellowness, etc.. (quality)
a. Vocalization or voice's special usage like cryin
g, giggling, moaning, growling, yawning, sighi
ng and groaning
c. Vocal pauses or boosters like ash.. ugh.. umm..
oh.. shh.. oops.. many others.

3. Time - there are two types of people based on ti


me: punctual and late
- your willingness, hesitance, or hatred to
wait for a long time speaks of your trait of patience
or impatience. Likewise, this reflects ypur manner
of valuing your relationship with the object of your
waiting. Your trait of optimism is also proven by yo
ur fondness of talking about your goals, dreams, or
plans for the future. Chronemics is the term that r
efers to your act of studying the impact or effecr of
time on your behavior.
4. Proxemics - it concerns the way a person uses the
space around him as well as the distance where he s
tands.
a. Intimate Distance - on this situation, people are i
n direct contact with each other or are in no mor
e than 18 inches as in mother and child.
b. Personal Distance - people may stay anywhere fr
om 18 inches to 4 feet from each other as in cas
ual and personal conversations. This distance is c
lose enough to see each other's reactions but fai
r enough not to encroach on the person's intima
te distance.
c. Social Distance - when talking to persons unknow
n to the speaker, he must keep a distance of 4 to 12
feet. Mostly done in impersonal business and social
gatherings or interviews which is expected to be m
ore formal.
d. Public Distance - it is the distance of more than 1
2 feet typically used in public speaking. There is a n
eed for the speaker to speak loudly and to use exag
gerated gestures for the audience to understand w
hat he is trying to convey. Furthermore, there is a n
ecessity for the availability of gadgets to aid in the s
ound projection.
Haptics - is the term used to refer to your acts of st
udying the effects of your touch on people.
5. Physical appearance and Object Languag
e
- meanings in this kind of non-verbal langua
ge, are symbolized or repredented by dressi
ng styles, body types, body appearances like
size or shape, architectural designs or struct
ures, art objects, graphic materials lightning
effects, aromatic or smelly objects, and othe
r environmental factors that influence or aff
ect any communicative event.
Communication
and
Globalization
Society is composed of individuals.It is due to the c
ommunication ability that humans are considered s
uperior to animals.
The process of communication has always been an
d will always play a significant role in the existence
of human life.
No human can survive without communicating. It i
s believed that prior to the time of human existenc
e there were no symptoms of speech and writing.
When humans started residing on the earth, it was
only after a long years of time that they had actuall
y started to speak.
At first, the communication was only at intra-perso
nal level and thus defining it as intra-personal com
munication. Grdaually interaction between the indi
viduals increased which was later termed as inter-p
ersonal communication.
The communication broadened its horizon to Grou
p communication, Organizational communication,
and then to Mass communication.
At present, it takes no time to communicate from
one corner of the world to other. In this relation, th
e whole world is being looked at as a single commu
nity that is connected by electronic communication
systems.
Globalization can be defined as the integra
tion and democratization of the world's cult
ure, economy, and infrastracture through th
e transnational investment, rapid proliferati
on of communication and information tech
nologies, and the impacts of free-markets o
n local, regional, and national economies.
It mainly deals with the interconnectednes
s of the people in a global manner.
It is due to the globalization that we are so
much adapted and accustomed to not only t
he western cultures but other cultures as wel
l.
The influence of hollywood, McDonalds, and
change in language, culture, and dressing are
such examples of globalization.
Communication is a two-way process.
What's the other wa
y?

How?
If there was no mass media, globalization wo
uld not have been possible.
The information disseminates from one part
of the world to other part in seconds, this mir
acle is just due to the mass media.
Hence we can say that globalization and mass
media are interdependent.
Globalization is only possible because of mas
s media and on the other hand mass media ge
ts advanced due to globalization.
Globalization has helped the people to be u
pdated with each and every happenings of t
he world.
Despite having many advantages, many peo
ple still argue that globalization cannot alwa
ys be useful to individuals since working tec
hnically is not always proper. It may confine
an individual to just himself being self center
ed.
Other critical issues may arise due to the gl
obalization. So globalization can be seen bot
j positively and pessimistically.

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