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Biochemical Energy Production

The document discusses biochemical energy production through metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then discusses metabolic pathways as linear or cyclic series of reactions. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes, and cytosel. The key stages of biochemical energy production are digestion, acetyl group formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The citric acid cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

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Beatrice Chen
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118 views15 pages

Biochemical Energy Production

The document discusses biochemical energy production through metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then discusses metabolic pathways as linear or cyclic series of reactions. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes, and cytosel. The key stages of biochemical energy production are digestion, acetyl group formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The citric acid cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

Uploaded by

Beatrice Chen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOCHEMICAL

ENERGY
PRODUCTION
BY:
RINJI
SALEN
SARCIA
SUICO
SUMADSAD
BSN1-1
METABOLISM
• the sum total of all the biochemical reactions that take place in
living organism.
• metabolic reactions fall into one of two subtypes: (1) CATABOLISM
and (2) ANABOLISM.
- CATABOLISM : all metabolic reactions in which large biochemical
molecules are broken down to smaller ones; this reaction usually
release energy and is involved in the oxidation of glucose.
- ANABOLISM : all metabolic reactions in which small biochemical
molecules are joined together to form larger ones; this reaction
usually require energy in order to proceed.
METABOLIC PATHWAYS
• is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to
convert a starting material into an end product.
• such pathways may be: (1) LINEAR or (2) CYCLIC.
- LINEAR : a series of reactions generates a final product.
A➡B➡C➡D
- CYCLIC : a series of reactions regenerates the first product.
A➡B
D⬅C
METABOLISM AND CELL STRUCTURE
• there are two types of cells: (1) PROKARYOTIC and (2) EUKARYOTIC.

- PROKARYOTIC : have no nucleus and are - EUKARYOTIC : is a cell in which the DNA is
found only in bacteria; the DNA that governs found in membrane-enclosed nucleus.
the reproduction of prokaryotic cells is
usually a single circular molecule found near
the center of the cell in a region called the
NUCLEIOD.
METABOLISM AND CELL STRUCTURE
• CYTOPLASM : is the water-based of a eukaryotic cell that lies between the nucleus and
the outer membrane of the cell.
• ORGANELLES : is a minute structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that carries out a
specific cellular function; a several kinds of small structures within the cytoplasm; and
surrounded by cytosol.
IMPORTANT TYPES OF ORGANELLES:
 RIBOSOMES : sites where protein synthesis occurs.
 LYSOSOMES : contains hydrolytic enzymes needed for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation.
 MITOCHONDRION : responsible for the generation of most of the energy for a cell.
- MITOCHONDRIA : sausage-shaped organelles containing both an outer membrane and a multi-
folded inner membrane.

• CYTOSOL : is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm of a cell.


METABOLISM AND CELL STRUCTURE
• the invention of high-resolution electron microscopes allowed
researchers to see the interior structure of the mitochondrion more
clearly and led to the discovery in 1962, of small spherical knobs
attached to the cristae called ATP SYNTHASE COMPLEX – which are
located on the matrix membrane is critically important for this task.
• the non-permeable nature of the inner membrane divides a
mitochondrion into two separate comportments: (1) an interior
region called MATRIX and (2) the region between the inner and outer
membrane, called the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE.
• the folds of the innermembrane that protrude into the matrix are
called CRISTAE.
AN OVERVIEW OF
BIOCHEMICAL
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
THE ENERGY NEEDED TO RUN THE HUMAN BODY IS OBTAINED
FROM INGETSED FOOD THROUGH A MULTISTEP PROCESS THAT
INVOLVES SEVERAL DIFFERENT CATABOLIC PATHWAYS.
FOUR GENERAL STAGES IN THE BIOCHEMICAL
ENERGY PRODUCTION

4TH STAGE
2ND STAGE
• Digestion begins • Citric acid cycle • Electron transport
in the mouth. • Acetyl occurs inside chain and oxidative
group mitochondria.
• Continues in the formation. phosphorylation
stomach. • Acetyl groups are also occurs inside
• Small molecules oxidized to mitochondria.
• Completed in the from digestion produce CO2 and • NADH and FADH2
small intestine. are further energy. supply the “fuel”
oxidized. needed for the
1 STAGE
ST 3RD STAGE production of ATP
molecules.
• the reactions in stage 3 and 4 are the same for all
types of foods because these reactions constitute the
COMMON METABOLIC PATHWAY – the sum total
of the biochemical reactions of the citric acis cycle,
the electron transport chain, and oxidative
phosphorylation; while the reactions of stages 1 and
2 of biochemical energy production differ for
different types of foodstuffs.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
IS A SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN
WHICH THE ACETYL PORTION OF ACTEYL COA
IS OXIDIZED TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE
REDUCED COENZYMES FADH2 AND NADH ARE
PRODUCED.
• this cycle gets its name from the first intermediate product in the cycle,
CITRIC ACID – known as the KREBS CYCLE, after its discoverer HANS
ADOLF KREBS, and as the tricarboxylic acid cycle in reference to the three
carboxylate groups present in citric acid.
• the chemical reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondrial
matrix where the needed enzymes are found, except the succinate
dehydrogenase reaction that involves FAD; the enzymes that catalyzes this
reaction is an integral pat of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

TWO IMPORTANT TYPES OF REACTIONS:


• OXIDATION – which produces NADH and FADH2.
• DECARBOXYLATION – wherein a carbon chain is shortened by the removal
of a carbon atom as CO2.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
OVER-ALL EQUATION FOR THE CITRIC ACID IS OBTAINED BY ADDING
TOGETHER THE INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS OF THE CYCLE

Acetyl CoA + 3NAD^+ + FAD + GDF + Pi + 2H2O 


2CO2 + CoA – SH + 3NADH + 2H^+ + FADH2 + GTP
REACTIONS OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
STEP 1 STEP 2
FORMATION OF CITRATE, FORMATION OF
ACETYL COA ISOCITRATE, CITRATE
carries the two-carbon degradation converted to is less symmetrical
product of carbohydrates, fats, and isomer isocitrate in an isomerization
proteins; enters the cycle by process that involves a dehydration
combining with the four-carbon keto- followed by a hydration, both
dicarboxylate species oxaloacetate – catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase;
results in the transfer of the acetyl the net result of this reaction is the –
group from coenzyme A to OH group from citrate is moved to a
oxaloacetate, producing the C6 citrate different carbon atom.
species and free coenzyme A.
REACTIONS OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
STEP 3
OXIDATION OF KEY HAPPENINGS IN STEP 3
ISOCITRATE AND 1. the hydroxyl group of isocitrate is
FORMATION OF CO2 oxidized to a ketone group.
involves oxidation-reduction and 2. NAD+ is converted to its reduced
decarboxylation; the reaction form, NADH.
catalyzed by isocitrate
dehydrogenase, is complex; the 3. a carboxyl group from the original
reactants are a NAD+ molecule ad oxaloacetate is remove as CO2.
isocitrate.

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