HVDC

OPERATION

Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
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KOLAR SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
HVDC TALCHER-KOLAR RATINGS
 Rated Power Capacity Rectifier end as reference
 2500MW DC Power – Bipolar
 1250MW DC Power each pole
 Minimum Bipole power – 200MW
 Half an hour 100MW

 Rated DC Current per pole

 2500A

o Rated DC Voltage
o 500KV

o Designed for 512 KV

o Reduced Voltage operation – 80% of rated KV – 400KV

HIEARARCHY OF OPERATION
CONTROL LOCATION PRIORITY
HVDC OPERATION
Possible control location:-
 System level functions
1. Local Workstations
2. Local MIMIC
3. Remote Workstations
4. SRLDC
5. ERLDC
 Station level functions
1. Local Work Stations
2. Local MIMIC
3. Remote Workstations
Transfer of Control Location
 By default all the station level controls are with respective station
 System level controls are with master station (at present Kolar)
 For transfer of control location
 Request to be sent from one station and same needs to be
released from the station having that particular control.
 Local station can always take the control of system level
functions from the LDCs without their release.
 Within local station transfer of control from mimic to WS or
vice versa are also done by request and release method.
Control levels
 Signals / commands – Operator to the field
through the control systems
 Control of HVDC
 System Level functions – pertains to both the
stations and can be operated from only one of
the stations at any point of time
 Station Level functions – pertains to individual
stations and if required can be done from the
other station provided telecontrol (FO/PLCC)
is available
Station level functions
Can be categorized into
 DC station functions
1. DC yard configuration
2. DC sequences
3. Tap changer control modes
4. DC filter control
5. RPC control etc.
 AC station functions
1. Breaker switching
2. AC Disconnector operation
3. Monitoring of auxiliary system etc.
4. Monitoring of connected feeders etc
 SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS

For performing the system level functions

•Command initiation from Master station only
•slave station automatically synchronizes from the master station
•Any one of the RLDC’s also can become the Master station

SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS :

•Bipole power control settings (reference value, ramping speed, power limit)
•Current control settings (reference value, ramping speed, current limit)
•Pole / Bipole Power direction
•Power / current ramping control (stop / release ramp)
•Energy transfer mode (P-Mode, I-Mode)
•Reduced voltage operation (including voltage ramp control)
•Block / deblock firing pulses
•Metallic / ground return switching
•Stability function control (runups / runbacks, FLC, power swing damping)
MASTER – SLAVE STATIONS – Control concept
 DC STATION LEVEL FUNCTIONS
Station level functions can be performed from either the local I&M and MIMIC board /
remote station / concerned Load dispatch Center

DC Station level functions from Local I&M and MIMIC:

• Pole status of operation sequences (earthed to blocked) – DC sequences

• DC switchyard configuration (exception: MR ↔ GR changeover)
• Tap changer control (control mode, operating mode, higher / lower step)
• DC filter control (connect / isolate)
• Reactive power control (Q- / U ac-band settings, connect / isolate AC-filters / C-banks)
• Open Line Test
• Cooling system control (valve cooling, converter transformer cooling)
• Operation of DC switchyard circuit breakers and disconnectors

DC station function control location is the remote I&M

(either other station or RLDC), then the following control functions are available

• Pole status of operation sequences (earthed to blocked)

• DC switchyard configuration (exception: MR ↔ GR changeover)
• DC filter control (connect / isolate)
• Reactive power control (Q- / Uac-band settings, connect / isolate AC-filters / C-banks)
 AC STATION LEVEL FUNCTIONS

AC Station level functions can be performed from either the local

I&M and MIMIC board / remote station / concerned Load
dispatch Center

• Operation of circuit breakers and disconnectors in the AC-

filter sub-banks
• Connect converter transformer to AC side
• Open / close converter transformer disconnector switches
• Operation of bay AC breakers and disconnectors
 SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS

 Bipole power control settings

 Power reference value – Operator can set the desired power order
 Power ramp rate -Typical settings allowable are 1MW/min-
300MW/min
 DC power limit – less than or equal to Bipole power capability

 Current control settings

 Current reference value
 Current ramp rate - typical settings – 1A/min to 300A/min
 SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS

 Pole / bipole Power direction

ER  SR – Talcher –Rectifier & Kolar - Inverter
 SR  ER – Talcher – Inverter & Kolar – Rectifier
 Power / current ramping control (stop / release ramp)
 During the ramping up /down of power the ramping can be
stopped / released by the operator
 Similarly current ramp can be Stopped / released
 Energy transfer mode
 P-Mode
 I-Mode
 Reduced voltage operation
 80% of nominal DC voltage
 SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS

 Block / deblock firing pulses

 Operator from the Master station can Block / Deblock the Pole –Pole
controls of both the stations will automatically coordinate such that
 while Deblocking, Inverter will Deblcok first and then Rectifier

 While Blocking Rectifier Blcoks first and and then Inverter

 Metallic / ground return switching

 Operator can switch to ground return mode or Metallic return mode
 Stability functions control
 Stability functions can be enabled or disabled individually at each
station
 Power swing damping feature which modulates the DC power during
disturbances can be enabled / disabled
 FLC – Frequency Limit Control can be activated – under
contingencies, this will be enabled automatically
SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS –I&M system
 DC Station level functions from Local I&M and MIMIC

• Pole status of operation sequences

• Earthed to Blocked
• Earthed mode
• Stopped
• Standby
• Blocked
• DC switchyard configuration (exception: MR ↔ GR
changeover)

• Pole Connect
• Pole Isolate

Checks for the status of other station switches if telecontrol is healthy

DC STATION LEVEL FUNCTIONS –I&M
system
DC Station level functions from Local I&M and MIMIC

• Tapchanger control
• Control mode –Auto / Manual
• Operating mode
• Angle mode –Normal operation
• Udio mode

• DC filter control
• Connect
• Isolate
DC Station level functions from Local I&M and
MIMIC

• Reactive power control

 Q- mode – Reactive Power control mode

 U-mode – Voltage control mode

 Reactive Power Control

 Reactive Power Level and Bus Bar Voltage are influenced by:
 connected number of double tuned AC-filters
 connected number capacitor banks
 reactive power consumption of the converters

 Main Functions of Reactive Power Control

 measuring functions for AC busbar voltage and reactive power
 control and monitoring of AC filter switchgear
 subbank switching according to reactive power conditions
 subbank switching according to busbar voltage conditions
 subbank switching according to AC overvoltage conditions
 Reactive Power Control

 Reactive Power Control is mainly achieved by switching individual

reactive power sub banks

 Provided Reactive Power Sub Banks

filter sub-bank; double tuned 12/24 harmonic (type A)
filter sub-bank; double tuned 3/36 harmonic (type B)
shunt capacitor sub-bank (type C)
shunt reactor sub-bank (type L
 Switching criteria of individual sub banks and their hierarchy:
(1) AC busbar voltage within operator reference values
(2) combination of sub banks according to Harmonic Filter
Performance
(3) total station reactive power within operator reference values
Reactive Power Control
 Switching criteria of individual sub banks and their hierarchy:
(1) AC busbar voltage within operator reference values
 voltage above level: switch-off sub bank

 voltage below level: switch on sub bank

(2) combination of sub banks according to Harmonic Filter

Performance
 minimum configuration for converter start: 1 x A type and 1 x

B type sub bank

 next sub bank switching: 1 x A type followed by 1 x B type

 if all type A and B are switched on: switching of 1 x C type C

sub-banks
 if particular type is not available, substitute sub-bank is

switched on
(3) total station reactive power within operator reference values
 station reactive power above level: switch-off sub bank

 station reactive power below level: switch on sub bank

Reactive Power Control
AC Voltage Switching Limits

Talcher Kolar
CONNECT 360 kV (=400kV - 10%) 360 kV (=400kV - 10%)
ISOLATE Inhibit 380 kV (=400kV - 5%) 380 kV (=400kV - 5%)
400 kV = 1 p.u.
CONNECT Inhibit 420 kV (=400kV + 5%) 420 kV (=400kV + 5%)
ISOLATE 440 kV (=400kV + 10%) 440 kV (=400kV + 10%)
t =500 ms t =500 ms
TRIP 480 kV (=400kV + 20%) 480 kV (=400kV + 20%)
t =150 ms t =150 ms
U> TRIP 520 kV (=400kV + 30%) 520 kV (=400kV + 30%)
t =0 ms t =0 ms
DC Station level functions from Local I&M and MIMIC:

• Connect / Isolate AC-filters / C-banks

• Filters will connected / Isolated automatically if they are in
auto mode and the above said limits are met
• If filters are in manual, operator has to switch according to

the requirement
• Open Line Test
• To determine the healthiness of the DC line
• Respective station should be operated as Rectifier
• During the test the DC voltage will be ramped up
automatically and if the line is healthy i.e no conductor
snapping or earthing, the test is successful
• After 10minutes, the test will be stopped automatically
DC Station level functions from Local I&M and MIMIC:

• Cooling system control

• Valve cooling
• Converter transformer cooling

• Operation of DC switchyard circuit breakers and

disconnectors
• Apart from the above automatic sequences of DC switchyard
configuration, manual switching of individual switches is also
possible from local I&M system
AC Station level functions from local I&M and MIMIC
board

 Operation of circuit breakers and disconnectors in the AC-

filter sub-banks
 Connect converter transformer to AC side
 Open / close converter transformer disconnector switches
 Operation of bay AC breakers and disconnectors
Sequence of Events Recording
Functions
 Commands initiated by the operator from HMI is reported in the SER.
 Status of the all the equipments is updated in the SER in addition to
their respective screen display.
 Alarms occurring from any of the yard equipments or control &
protection equipments are reported.
 Alarms are classified into three categories depending upon their
severity – Emergency, Major and Minor
 All the events reported in the SER are time tagged with millisecond
resolution.
 Each event is assigned an unique number and they are divided in
groups.
 Events can be sorted time wise or device wise for easy analysis.
 Events can be filtered based on equipment, group, source of origin,
hardware generated event, software generated event.
 Automatic archiving of the events into magnetic tape and same can be
retrieved whenever required.
SER Screen Display
Trend System
 Important system parameters both analog and digital are
recorded with a time sampling of around 10 sec
 Operator can archive the parameters and observe the trend
of various parameters
 Parameters can be displayed in various forms like pie
chart, bar chart, X-Y plot etc.
 At any one time four different charts can be monitored and
each can have 8 parameters
 Automatic backup in magnetic tapes and can be retrieved
at any time
Operational Modes of HVDC
 Bipolar Mode of operation – Normal mode of operation
1. When both poles and both lines are available / healthy, this
is preferred mode of operation
2. Both poles shares equal power – both poles in P-mode
3. No ground current
4. During any contingency (reduced capability of one pole )
one pole can be operated in I-mode and in this case there
will be unequal sharing of power
5. Ground current
6. Least losses among all operation modes
7. Rated station capacity can be utilized only in this mode
BIPOLAR MODE OF OPERATION
Operational Modes of HVDC
 Monopolar Metallic return operation
1. When both the lines are available / healthy but one pole is
out of service, this is preferred mode of operation
2. In bipolar mode when any one of the pole trips, automatic
changeover to this mode takes place and healthy pole will
continue to run with half of the rated station capacity
3. Mainly used when valve hall or other equipment pertaining
to any of the pole is under maintenance / shutdown
4. Have higher losses compared to bipolar mode
5. Electrode will be out of circuit
6. Half of the rated station capacity can be utilized
MONOPOLAR METALLIC RETURN OPERATION –
POLE 1
MONOPOLAR METALLIC RETURN OPERATION –
POLE 2
Operational Modes of HVDC

 Monopolar Ground return operation

1. When only one line is available / healthy this
is the mode of operation
2. When any pole trips due to line fault or
shutdown of one line, station operates in this
mode
3. Scarcely operated mode due to limited
electrode life
4. Losses less than MR mode
5. Electrode will be in circuit
MONOPOLAR GROUND RETURN OPERATION –
POLE 1
MONOPOLAR GROUND RETURN OPERATION –
POLE 2
Reduced Voltage Mode (RVO) of operation

 In this mode of operation, operating voltage is 80% of the

rated voltage
 Abnormal mode of operation
 The pole switches to this mode automatically after
unsuccessful recovery from DC line fault
 This allows operation of HVDC even during weak insulation
in the line or associated equipment (insulators puncture etc)
 After patrolling / inspection of the line, HVDC can be
switched to normal voltage mode
 Under worse or foggy weather conditions, when atmospheric
insulation level is reduced operator can switch to this mode
 In this mode, power transfer capability of the pole reduces to
80% of the normal rated capability
 Higher losses than normal voltage mode
Open Line Test
 Inorder to determine the healthiness of the DC
line, Open line test is conducted
 To conduct open line test respective station should
be switched to rectifier mode
 Other station should be isolated from the line
 If there is any ground fault on the line, open line
test will fail
 The duration of the test is 10 minutes
Open Line Test (OLT) Pole 1
Open Line Test (OLT) Pole 2
RAI & LFL

 Overload capacity is monitored using Relative Ageing Indication

(RAI) and Load Factor Limitation (RAI & LFL)

 Relative Ageing Indication : Models the thermal characteristics of

the converter transformers and of the smoothing reactors to
ensure that the planned service life of the system at rated load is
still attainable despite the increase in power

 Load Factor Limitation: Computes the maximum possible load

taking into account ambient temperature and the availability of
the cooling units
Transient Fault Recorder
 Records the Analog and digital parameters from control and protection
equipments
 Triggered by the disturbance or fault in the system
 Sampling rate – 12.8kHz
 Duration of record settable
 Prefault – 500msec
 Post fault - 1 sec
 Mathematical calculations to find out rms, instantaneous values etc.
 Vector representation of the parameters is possible
 Fourier analysis of the waveforms is availableAccuracy > 0.2 %
 16 bits A/D Converter
 Sampling rate 12.8 kHz per input (64 x over sampling)
 Current transformer 0 to 400 Arms
 Voltage input 0 to 300 V rms
 Transient Fault Recorder
Storage capacity app. 300 Mbyte
Data compression rates of up to 98 %
GPS or DCF77 synchronization
PC based evaluation software running under Windows
Monitors analogue value signals of AC and DC
Monitors binary signals of AC and DC
Transient Fault Recorder system SIMEAS R
PC based TFR Master Station for
– system configuration
– calibration and trigger setting for inputs of all connected TFR central
units
– communication to the TFR central units
– graphical evaluation of event records
– allows storage, display, printout, and analysis of all data that are recorded
TFR - SIMEAS R
TFR – Print out
HVDC EQUIPMENTS

Components of
HVDC
-By
V.DIWAKAR
Sr. Engineer
MAIN COMPONENTS OF HVDC
1. Converter Transformer
2. Valve Hall
3. AC Harmonic Filters
4. Shunt Capacitors
5. DC Harmonic Filters
6. Smoothing Reactors
7. DC Current / Voltage measuring devices
8. Valve Cooling / Ventilation System
9. Valve Timing PT
10. VESDA
11. Electrode Station
12. Repeater Station
 Basic Components of HVDC Terminal

Converter Xmers
DC Line
AC Harmonic
400 kV Smoothing Reactor
filters

DC
Filter

Electrode
station

AC Shunt
Capacitors

Valve Hall Valve

-Thyristors Cooling /
Ventilation -Control & Protection
system -Telecommunication
CONVERTER TRANSFORMER

400KV SIDE
BUSHING

STAR
DELTA
BUSHINGS
BUSHING
CONVERTER TRANSFORMERS

 Three Singe Phase Transformers for each Pole

 Each Transformer is of Three Windings
 Winding -1 connected to 400KV side in Star
 Winding -2 connected to one six pulse bridge in
Star
 Winding -3 connected to second six pulse bridge
in Delta
 Easy transportation
FEATURES OF CONVERTER
TRANSFORMERS

 Automatic onload tap changer control with

appropriate make and break capacity
 Extra insulation due to DC currents
 Proper conductors and magnetic shunts to take
care of the extra losses due to harmonic currents
 Very rugged and reliable OLTC as tap-changing
is a integral means of conversion process and
control.
 Converter Transformer Ratings
 
•Type of converter transformer : Single phase three windings

•Rated power of line / star / delta winding (MVA) :

397/198.5/198.5

•Rated current of line / star / delta winding (A): 1719/1635/944

•Rated Voltage of Line/star/delta winding (No-load):

400/√3/210.3/√3/210.3

•Tap changer (voltage range) : -5 % to +20 %

•Tap changer steps : 16 to -4 (21 steps)
•Tap changer current capacity : 2X2000A

•Cooling arrangement : ODAF

Converter Transformer Ratings
 No load losses – 192KW
 Load losses - 760KW @75°C
 Oil type – Napthanic, Shell Diala
 Bushings
 Line side – oil filled
 Valve side – Y – SF6 filled
 Valve side – D – RIP condenser
 Total weight – 461 Ton
 Oil weight – 118.7 Ton
Converter Transformer Connection
Valve Hall
1-ph 3 winding
Converter
D Transformer

Y R

Y Y

B
Y

Outdoor
 Converter Transformer Cooling control

 Automatic daily changeover of cooling pumps and fans

 5 groups of fans and pumps
 Each group – One oil circulating pump & 3 cooling fans
 4 groups will be in service with 2 fans each
 One redundant group – changeovers every day
 Extra fans will switch ON when winding temperature > 75ºC
 Redundant group will switch ON when winding temperature >85ºC
 WTI Alarm - 115ºC
 WTI Trip - 130ºC
 OTI Alarm - 85ºC
 OTI Trip - 95ºC
Converter
Transformer
internal connection
HVDC VALVE HALL LAYOUT
 Multiple Valve Unit
• Indoor type
• Air insulation
• Direct water cooling of all components in the valve producing losses
• Application of single thyristors with a high current carrying and voltage
blocking capability (no parallel connection of thyristors)
• Optoelectronic firing and monitoring system from the ground to thyristor
potential and vice versa without intermediate electronics
• Monitoring of the status of all thyristor levels during operation
• Protective firing of the thyristors as back up firing for self protection of
the valves against high over voltages in forward direction
• Direct parallel connected surge arresters to each valve
 Valve Hall Layout Cross Section

Converter Valves

Converter
Transformer
Smoothing Rector

DC Bushing

Valve Hall
 MULTIPLE VALVE UNIT
G rd
Q u a d r u p le v a lv e V a lv e

A rre s te r

A C

Multiple
D
Y
Y Valve
Unit
A C

D C
Circuit Diagram of the Converters for Pole 1
 Valve Tower side view

1. AC Terminal 6. Thyristor Module

2. DC Terminal 7. Insulator • Max. length of fibre optic cables in quadruple valve L max =
17.5m
3. Cooling Water Inlet 8. Arrester
4. Cooling Water Outlet 9. Screen • Weight of quadruple valve without arresters: approx. 19300
kg
5. Fiber Optic Cables Tubes
• All dimensions in mm
 Valve Tower top view / 3D view

• Max. length of fibre optic cables in quadruple valve L max =

17.5m
• Weight of quadruple valve without arresters: approx. 19300
kg
• All dimensions in mm
1. AC Terminal 6. Thyristor Module
2. DC Terminal 7. Insulator
3. Cooling Water Inlet 8. Arrester
4. Cooling Water Outlet 9. Screen
5. Fibre Optic Cables Tubes
 Valve Structure
Valve Section / tier Single Valve Quadra Valve
 Hierarchy of
valve structure

Each Thyristor level consists

•Thyristor
•Snubber circuit – to prevent high
dv/dt
•Snubber Capacitor
•Snubber Resistor
•Valve Reactor – to prevent high
di/dt
•Grading Resistor – to equilize the
potential across all the levels in a
valve – static equalizing
•Grading capacitor – dynamic
equalizing
 Components in one valve

Component Population Population

at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 84 78
Snubber Capacitor 84 78
Snubber Resistor 84 78
Valve Reactor 24 24
Grading Capacitor 6 6
Grading Resistor 84 78
Valve arrester 1 1
TE card 84 78
 Components in one Pole
Component Population Population
at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 1008 936
Snubber Capacitor 1008 936
Snubber Resistor 1008 936
Valve Reactor 288 288
Grading Capacitor 72 72
Grading Resistor 1008 936
Valve arrester 144 144
TE card 1008 936
 Thyristor Module

GRADING CAPACITOR

SNUBBER CAPACITOR

SNUBBER RESISTOR

COOLING PIPE-PEX

THYRISTOR

TE CARD

FIBRE OPTICS
Thyristor Modular Unit top view
 Thyristor Modular Unit Detailed View of
Thyristor Stack

Eastern Terminal (Talcher) Southern Terminal (Kolar)

14 Thyristors 13 Thyristors
Thyristor Modular Unit Schematical
Cooling Circuit

Eastern Terminal (Talcher)

14 Thyristors

Z = Cooling Water Inlet

A = Cooling Water Outlet

Southern Terminal (Kolar)

13 Thyristors
Composition of an HVDC Valve

T h y r is to r
le v e l
G a te H eat
TL = + + +
u n it s in k s

1< k< n
W h e re k= N o. o f t h y r is t o r le v e l s
in a v a lv e s e c t io n
n = N o. o f th y r is to r le v e ls
V a lv e + in a v a lv e
s e c t io n N o te is t h e s m a ll e s t
V S
V S = TL + r e p e a ta b le e le c t ric a l
1 u n it o f a v a lv e ,
m e c h a n ic a l s u b - u n it s
TL m a y c o n t a in m u l t i p l e
k o r s u b -d e v id e d v a lv e
s e c tio n s

V a lv e
V S
F ib re o p t ic C o o la n t In s u la tin g
=1 + s yste m + d is t rib . + s tru c tu re
V S
n
k
Block Diagram of Thyristor Electronic

1 Light Receiver 5 Gate Pusle Amplifier

2 Light Transmitter 6 Back Up Trigger Circuit
3 Thyristor Voltage Detection (BTC)
4 Logic 7 Energy Supply
 Multi-Arm Fibre Optic Cable Used for
Monitoring

Receiver Emitter Side

Side

1 Protective sleeves in red colour 3 Labelling with markers

2 7 continuous single fibre cables 4 Designation on shrinking tube
 Multi-Arm Fibre Optic Cable with Signal
Mixing Used for Triggering
Emitter Side Receiver
Side

1 Protective sleeves in blue 3,5 Labelling with markers

colour 4 Designation on shrinking tube
2 Fibre cables statistically mixed
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (1)

Features:
• High-power thyristor for phase control
• Ceramic insulation
• Contacts copper, nickel plated
• Anode, Cathode and gate pressure
contacted
• Inter digitised amplifying gate
Applications:
• HVDC-Transmissions
• Synchro- drivers
• Reactive-power compensation
• Controlled Rectifiers
Internal Structure of Thyristor
Valve Reactor - Dimensional Drawing
 Grading Capacitor - Electrical and Mechanical
Ratings

• Capacity C = 2.4 µF ±3%

• Nominal voltage UN = 58 kV

• Periodical max. voltage Umax = 88 kV

• Short time max. impulse voltage Us = 8700 V

• Nominal effective current IN = 1 A

• Periodical max. current Imax = 100 A

• Operating frequency f = 50/60 Hz
• Cooling type self-cooling
• Weight approx. 25 kg
• Impregnation SF6 gas
Grading Capacitor - Dimensional Drawing
Snubber Circuit Resistor

Resistance R 45 

Tolerance ± 3%

Cooling Water
Snubber Circuit Capacitor

View X

Capacitance 1.6 µFd

Tolerance +/-5%
Insulation SF6
DC Smoothing Reactors
Smoothing Reactor - Purpose
 Connected in series in each converter with each pole
 Decreases harmonic voltages and currents in the DC
line
 Smooth the ripple in the DC current and prevents the
current from becoming discontinuous at light loads
 Limits crest current (di/dt) in the rectifier due to a
short circuit on DC line
 Limits current in the bypass valve firing due to the
discharge of the shunt capacitances of the dc line
DC Smoothing Reactor ratings

•Two Smoothing Reactors per pole

•Inductance - 125mH
•Nominal DC Voltage – 500KV
•Max DC Voltage – 515KV
•BIL – 950/1425KV
 DC Smoothing Reactor ratings

•Continuous current - 2000A

•Continuous Over load current - 2200A
•Type – Air Cored Dry type
•Natural Air Cooled reactors
•Location : Outdoor
•Total mass – 30 Ton
•Temperature Class - F
HARMONIC FILTERS

 Conversion process generates – Harmonics

 AC side Harmonics- Current harmonics
 Generated harmonics – (12n ± 1) harmonics
 n = 1,2,3….
 Predominant harmonics – 11,13,23,25,35,37
 Additionally 3rd harmonics

 DC side Harmonics- Voltage harmonics

 Generated harmonics – (12n) harmonics
 n = 1,2,3….
 Predominant harmonics – 12,24,36
 Disadvantages of Harmonics

 Over heating and extra losses in generators

 Over heating and extra losses in motors
 Instability in the converter control
 Interference with telecommunication systems
 Over voltages due to resonance
AC Filters - Kolar
ITEM A B C
Filter sub bank DT 12/24 DT 3/36 Shunt C
Rating (3 ph., 400 kV) MVA 120 97 138
r
No.of 3 phase Banks - 6 3 5
HV-Capacitor C1 μF 2.374 1.85 2.744
HV-Reactor L1 mH 16.208 5.444 1.602
HV-Resistor R1 ohms 420 300 -
LV-Capacitor C2 μF 4.503 3.759 -
LV-Reactor L2 mH 7.751 204.2 -
LV-Resistor R2 ohms - 1500 -
 12/24 Double Tuned Filter – 120 MVAr

C1=2.374µF

L1=16.208mH
R1=420Ω

C2=4.503 µF

L2=7.751mH
11 13 23 25

Impedance Graph
12/24 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor Stack

CT
Resistor
Reactor Reactor
 3/36 Double Tuned Filter – 97 MVAr

C1=1.85µF

L1=15.444 mH R1=300Ω

R2=1500 Ω
C=23.759µF

L2=204.2mH
3 35 37

Impedance Graph
 3/36 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor stack

CT

Resistor
Reactor Reactor

C=23.759µF
Shunt Capacitor – 138 MVAr

•No harmonic filtering

C1=2.744 µF
•Supplies MVAr to the grid
•Switched into the circuit for
L1=1.602 mH voltage control purpose
•Capacity – 138 MVAr
Shunt Capacitors-Voltage Improvement
 DC Filter 12/24 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=14.71 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=5700 nF

L2=8.19 mH
DC Filter 12/36 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=7.21 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=3300 nF

L2=12.68mH
DC MEASURING DEVICES
 Measurement on DC side for control, monitoring and Protection
 AC CTs cannot be used on DC side – saturation
 DC current measuring devices – OPTODYNE
 DC shunt – low value resistor
 mV drop from the shunt will be taken for determining the current
 To solve insulation problems – electrical signals are converted to
optical at the shunt and at control system converted to electrical
 Supply for the conversion process is obtained from the control
panels in the form of optical power
 DC voltage divider
 Capacitive & resistor divider circuit
 Drop across the resistor scaled for determining the voltage
 Optical conversion process is same as the current measuring
device

Details follows……
 DC Current Measuring Device (OPTODYN) Lay out at HVDC Kolar

6
6 UdL 4
Line 1
IdH IdL

Pole1

4
UdN
2 4 8
IdN IdE Idee1
Electrode
IdE Idee2 lines
IdN
2 4 Idee3 8
UdN 8
4 Current Measuring Devices
11Nos (4 HV+7 LV)
Pole2 Voltage Dividers
04 Nos ( 2 HV+2 LV)

IdH IdL Line 2

6 UdL 4
6
Functional Concept

Shunt
Analog/ Digital Optical Digital control/
protection system
Digital/ Optical Signal fibre Digital SIMADYN D

Electrical Energy Optical Energy

Id Power fibre
Power supply
Optical Energy Electrical Energy

Control/ Protection system at ground level

Sensor Head at high voltage level

Fibre optical cable

Power Supply of Sensor Head

I s o la t io n o f S y n c h r o n is in g s ig n a l f r o m
p o w e r s u p p ly v o lta g e le v e l ( c a r r ie r )

LO W PO W ER P o w e r S u p p ly O u tp u t
V o lt a g e
P h o t o c e ll- A r r a y
E le c t r o n i c s a t t h e f o r P r e c o n d itio n in g a n d (P o w e r
R e g u la t o r
Sensor T r a n s m it te r E le c t r o n ic s C o n v e rte r)

O p tic a l F ib e r

5 V D C c a . 2 5 W fo r
LASER L A S E R D r iv e r u p to 9 c h a n n e ls f r o m
D io d e A r r a y a n d P r o te c tio n S IM A D Y N D
S y s te m P o w e r S u p p ly

O p t ic a l In t e r f a c e , O p t ic a l P o w e r - M o d u le ( a s p a r t o f t h e O p t ic a l I n t e r f a c e C a r d )
Optical Data Transfer

BURDEN- Fast A N T I- 1 2 B it O P T IC A L -
R E S IS T O R T r a n s ie n ts + BUFFER A L IA S IN G A /D - TRANS-
( a t C T o n ly ) R F I- P r o t. F IL T E R C o n v e rte r M IT T E R

O p t ic a l F ib e r

O P T IC A L - D ig it a l D a ta f o r p r o c e s s in g in C o n tr o l a n d
BUFFER
R E C E IV E R P r o t e c t io n S y s t e m s

O p tic a l In te r fa c e
Components
8 1
1 Ohmic Shunt at High DC Voltage Level
11 for Direct Current Measuring

3 2 Voltage to Light Telegram Conversion

6 7 2 3 Fibre Optic Transmission to Ground Level
4 Composite Insulator
10 5 Control or Protection System
6 Light Pulses for Power Supply
4
7 Power Supply for Sensor Head
8 Rogowski Coil for Harmonic Current Measuring
9 Control of Active DC Filter
10 Hybrid Direct Current Measuring System with
9 5 Fibre Optic Transmission
11 Sensor Head
Current measuring device – components
Redundancy Concept
 complete redundancy from sensor head via FO cable to control/ protection equipment
 only one Analog/ Digital conversion per signal path
 direct digital signal processing

Sensor Head Pole control System 1

Shunt
Sensor Head Pole control System 2

Sensor Head Protection System 1

Id

Sensor Head Protection System 2

common composite insulator

high voltage level; switchyard and fibre optic cable ground level; control building
Hybrid-Optical
Measuring Shunt
Measuring Device
Sensor Head Box

Composite Insulator
incl. Fiber Optics

Connection Box
Sensor Head Box with Sensors
Assembly of Shunt
OPTODYN Sensor

Analoge Input
Signal from Shunt

Optical Data
Link

Optical Power Supply

Link
DC Voltage Measurement
DC Voltage Measurement
System Description

 The Valve Cooling System is a single closed loop deionised

water system. Heat transfer to the ambient is provided by dry
coolers. The Valve Cooling System is for one pole and works
independent of other cooling and air conditioning systems.

 Spray water will be used if the water temperature rises above

controller set point value.
Design Basis
Kolar Station Talcher
Station
Maximum Dry Bulb One Hour Average 450C 500C
Minimum Dry Bulb One Hour Average 20C 00C
Total Cooling Capacity 4340kW 4053kW
Water flow 4140l/min 4350l/min
Water Inlet Temperature MAX 500C 500C
Water Outlet Temperature Average 620C 620C
Water Conductivity <0.5μS/cm <0.5μS/cm
Redundant Circulating Pumps One of two One of two
Spray Water Storage for 24hrs 24hrs
Flow Diagram
09

12

10

08

03

02

11
01
04

05

07 06
 VALVE COOLING MAIN PUMP

 Two centrifugal circulating

pumps
 One pump - operating Other
pump - standby
 Periodical automatic pump
changeover.
 Changeover to the stand by
pump takes place in case of
failure of the operating
pump
 Capacity of
 Motor – 45KW
 Pump – 265Cu.m/Hr

131
 VALVE COOLING - MAIN FILTER

 In the main water line to

the thyristor valves
locates a 50 micron filter
 The filter is used for
start up and cleaning and
later on for safety, that
no particle greater than
50 micron can enter the
thyristor valves
 VALVE COOLING - MAIN FILTER

 Main filter consists of

group of filter cartridges
as shown in the figure
 If the filter gets chocked
for any reason,
differential pressure will
be sensed and this warns
for maintenance
 VALVE COOLING – MAKE UP WATER TANK

 A storage tank with a

pressure pump is placed on
the pump skid for the first
filling with deionised water
and for compensation of
evaporated water during
operation
 The make up water system
works automatically and keep
the expansion tank water
level constant
 The make up water flows
from the storage tank through
a 50 μm filter, then the make
up water pass the ion
exchanger and flows finally
into the main water circuit
 VALVE COOLING – ION EXCHANGERS

 Two ion exchanger chambers

are installed on the pump skid
 The ion exchanger is
hydraulically switched in
bypass to the main water line
 A mixture of 50% anion and
50% cation (H+/OH-) is used
for the resin
 Water flows from top to the
bottom through the ion
exchanger
 VALVE COOLING SYSTEM – COOLING TOWERS

 Six cooling towers are installed to

cool down the fine hot water
coming out from the valves
 One tower consist of two cooling
coils with stainless steel tubes and
seawater resistance aluminium
fins.
 Two axial type fans are mounted
on the top flow. The fans work on
the suction side in parallel to the
cooling coil surface without baffle
sheets.
 Because there is no baffle sheet,
the working fan will cover the
whole cooling coil surface,
therefore the lost cooling capacity
will be less then 50% of the tower.
 Each fan is provided
with Variable frequency
Drive (VFD). This
regulates the speed of the
fan depending on the
water temperature
If one fan fails, the
speed of the remaining
fans will be increased
automatically.

•A spray water distribution pipe

with nozzles locates on the top
of each cooling coil
•Water will be sprayed over the
coil if the water inlet
temperature exceeds specified
limit
Water Treatment plant
 To avoid scaling on the cooling coil fins, the
spraying water will be treated by a reverse
osmosis* unit.
 The incoming water from the station supply
will be filtered, softened by the reverse
osmosis unit and stored in the spray water
storage tank.
 The same water is used to make up the loss
in the main water circuit
 High pressure pumps each of 100% capacity
are used for the spray water lines.

 *slow change in concentration: the flow of a

solvent by diffusion through a semi
permeable membrane from a more
concentrated solution to a less concentrated
one, until the concentrations are equalized.
It is a major factor in regulating the
movement of water into and out of tissues in
living organisms.
 VALVE COOLING SYSTEM-CONTROL
 Controlled by two redundant SIMATIC
S95U programmable controller.
 The PLC working independent of each
other.
 The PLC generates the necessary status,
alarm and trip signals for the station
control.
 The inlet water temperature to the Thyristor
valve modules is maintained at constant
value for every load and ambient
conditions.
 A digital process controller SIPART DR22
is used for the temperature control
 The controller output signal is used for the
set point of the cooling fan speed.
 Start and stop signal for the fans is given by
the PLC.
 80 KVA UPS is provided as backup power
supply. Since the outage of main pump
generates immediate trip to the pole.
Expansion Tank
 The expansion tank is place on the highest point of the cooling system.
The tank size is big enough to store the expanded fine water volume.
 The expansion tank is an open type expansion tank, the construction of
the tank allows the air to come in contact with the water, but dust can
not enter the tank.
 Thyristor valve manufacturer requires a oxygen saturated water,
therefore the need of an open system.
 The tank is connected to the suction side of the main water line, the
connection to the discharge main water line will be used for circulation
and for venting.
Valve Hall Ventilation system Flow Diagram

AIR INLET 5m ABOVE GROUND LEVEL

Valve Hall Ventilation system

 Consists of the primary circuit (Air Ventilation Circuit) and Control System
 Open loop system – supply air will taken in and left out through the exhaust
dampers
 One ventilation system is in operation while the other one is in stand by mode.
 The outdoor air will be entering the unit by a concrete block duct in a level of 5
m to avoid the dust concentration at the floor level.
 The supply air will filtered in two stages – pre filter and fine filter
 The supply air will be distributed into the valve hall by high speed air nozzles.
 The exhaust air flows via dampers and weather guard louvers into the
atmosphere.
 A bypass damper and a heater enables the circulation of air from the valve hall
back to the unit in case of no load or during start up.
 Through out the process, positive pressure will be maintained in the valve hall
to prevent dust to enter the valve hall.
 Positive pressure is maintained with the automatic control of exhaust dampers
Valve Hall Ventilation system-components

 One single ventilation unit consist of

 One axial type fan speed regulated
 One electrical heater
 One air filter bag type as a pre filter
 One air filter bag type as a high efficiency filter
 One Supply air damper with DC drive
 One Return air damper with DC drive
 One Bypass or re-circulating damper with DC drive
 The two exhaust dampers with DC drives combined with a weather guard
louver, as well as the air inlet weather guard louver working together with the
two ventilation units. In case of failure of the operating unit, a switchover to
the stand by unit takes place.
 A periodically automatic switchover is also provided by a programmable
timer. The timer can operate in automatic or manual mode.
Ventilation system - Control

 The ventilation system will be controlled by two SIMATIC S95U

programmable controller.
 The PLC‘s are working independent from each other; a switch off of
one PLC for repair, replacement or service will not disturb the
ventilation system operation.
 The input signals from the single sensor will be wired parallel on the
two PLC.
 The output signal from the PLC working on the same relay coupled
by a diode.
 The PLC generates also the necessary status, alarm and trip signals
for the station control.
KOLAR SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
AC PLC (Noise) Filter
 PLCC SCHEMATIC
Pole 1 DC Line

PLCC PLCC
PANELS PLCC PANELS PANELS

BT BT
BT
BT

PLCC
PLCC
PANELS PLCC PANELS
PANELS

Pole 2 DC Line

KOLAR REPEATER TALCHER

BT= BALANCING TRANSFORMER

 REPEATER STATION
•Repeater station is required due to the long distance of the line - 1400Km
(approx.)
•Located at Jungareddygudem (Rajahmundry) almost at a distance of 630
km from Kolar
•Conventional AC stations don’t require repeater station in between the
line
•Modulated signals consisting of Data, protection and speech are sent to
repeater station from one end over the DC lines
•Signals are demodulated, amplified and again modulated and sent to the
other end from repeater station – thus working as a signal amplifier
•ABB PLCC panels ETL 580 model are used which works on advanced
DSP technology
 REPEATER STATION-
Other Equipment

•PLCC signals are injected to the line through the PLC

coupling capacitors
•For maintenance works on the PLC equipment, earth switches
are provided
•PLCC panels requires 48V DC supply - provided from
batteries
•Auxiliary supply is be provided from local SEB supply
•DG set is provided as backup to the SEB supply
MAINTENANCE
OF
HVDC
EQUIPMENT
VALVE HALL
Valve Hall
 The status of the Thyristor levels in the valve hall
is available online in the VBE printer.
 VBE monitors continuously, the healthiness of the
thyristors and associated valve hall components
while in service
 Failure of thyristor is reported in the VBE printer
and also in the work station for the operator
 Alarm is generated up to 3 thyristor failures in a
valve and on 4th failure, trip is generated
Valve Hall – Thyristor level testing
 Failure may be in
 Thyristor
 Snubber capacitor
 Snubber resistor
 TE card
 To test the thyristor level – Thyristor Level Test Unit is
used which tests thyristor and associated components
 Type of failure in the thyristor can be detected – Open
circuit, short circuit, gate open circuit
 FO cables from VBE to the TE card are tested using the
FO Attenuation test kit
Internal Structure of Thyristor
Thyristor level test unit
Converter Transformer
 Apart from routine monitoring of the parameters following
tests are done during yearly shutdown
 Capacitance and tan δ of the bushings
 Used to determine the healthiness of the bushing
insulation
 Checking the operation of the buchholz relays and
Pressure Relief Devices (PRD)
 Checking of the WTI & OTI alarms and trips
 Checking whether all the alarms are reported to HMI
system
 Checking the operation of fire fighting deluge valve
system
Converter Transformer

 Replacement of the oil filters of OLTC (On-Load tap

Changer) – can be replaced online when the
 Periodic testing of the oil – DGA – to determine the
incipient internal faults of the transformer
 Testing of all the associated protection relays
AC Filter
 Maintenance of filter bay equipment includes
 Associated breaker testing -Operation timings, alarm,
lockout checks etc.
 Testing of CT – C & Tan δ
 Capacitance stack measurement and balancing if
required
 Inspection of capacitor stack for oil leakage
 Measurement of resistors and reactors – for deviation
 Testing of associated protection systems
 AC Filter
Apart from the yearly maintenance, failure of
capacitor cans calls for
 Measurement of individual capacitor stacks /cans
 Calculation of unbalance in the Capacitor H-
bridge
 Replacement of capacitor if required for balancing
of the bridge
Valve cooling
Maintenance of Valve Cooling
 Replacement of resin in the resin chamber yearly
or if the conductivity reaches the alarm level –
0.25µS/cm which ever is early
 Provision is there to replace the resin without the
shutdown of the valve cooling system
Valve cooling
 Cleaning of 50µm main filter cartridges yearly or – this
requires shutdown of the system
 Cleaning of 50µm filters in the path of resin chambers and
make up water line path – can be done without shutdown
 Top up of hardness removal salt in the water treatment
plant if the level falls below 20%
Apart from this, daily monitoring of the parameters / motors /
pumps is done to detect the alarm levels in advance to take
corrective action before it develops into a major problem
Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
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