The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals

The Cellular Concept-
System Design Fundamentals

Outline
Cellular Concept
Frequency Reuse
Handoff Strategies
Interference and System Capacity
Channel assignment
Trunking and Grade of Service
Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
2
Cellular Concept
The total coverage area of cellular radio systems is divided
into smaller geographic area called cell
The base station for that cell is allocated a number of radio

channel to be used only within that cell
Hexagon is a better choice for cell because they can cover

the geographic region with the fewest number of cells
rather than square or triangle.
Hexagon also closely approximates a circular radiation

pattern which would occur for an Omnidirectional antenna.
3
Frequency Reuse
Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel
groups which is completely different than neighboring cells
The base station antennas are designed to achieve the

desired coverage within a particular cell
By limiting the coverage area within the boundaries of a

cell, the same group of channels may be used to cover
different cell that are separated from one another by
keeping the interference level within tolerable range. This
is called Frequency Reuse
4
Frequency Reuse (cont’d)
The N cells which collectively use the complete set
of available frequencies is called a Cluster.
N = 19. i=3, j=2.
5
Frequency Reuse (cont’d)
Consider the following
k = The group of channels allocated to each cell
N = Number of cells in a cluster
Then Total number of available radio channels, S = kN
Again if a cluster is M times repeated

Then Total number of duplex channels, C = MkN = MS
Cluster size is represented by N and is typically 3, 7, 12

or 13 based on the formula N = i2 + ij + j2
6
Example #1
 A 30 MHz spectrum is allocated to a wireless system which uses two 25 KHz
simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels. Compute
the number of channels available per cell if the that system uses 7-cell reuse.
If 1 MHz of the allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels,
determine an equitable distribution of control channels and voice channels in
each cell of that system
 Answer:
Total bandwidth = 30 MHz
Channel bandwidth = 25 KHz X 2 simplex channels = 50 KHz/duplex channels
Total available channels = 30,000/50 = 600 Channels = S
As N = 7, total number of channels available per cell,

k = S/N = 600/7 ≈ 85 Channels
7
Example #1 (cont’d)
A 1 MHz spectrum for control channels implies that there
are 1000/50 = 20 Control Channels out of the 600 channels
available.
To evenly distribute the control and voice channels, simply
allocate the same number of voice channels in each cell
wherever possible.
For N = 7, total number of voice channels = (600-20) / 7

= 82 Voice Channels
4 cells with 3 control channels and 82 voice channels
3 cells with 2 control channels and 83 voice channels
8
Channel Assignment strategies
Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA)
fixed number of channels are permanently allocated to each
cell.
If all the channels of that cell are occupied, then any new
call attempt will be blocked
Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA)
Channels are not permanently allocated to the cell
One cell can borrow channels from the neighboring cell if
needed.
MSC requires channel occupancy, traffic distribution and
Radio Signal Strength Indications (RSSI) data for managing
dynamic allocation of channels
9
Handoff Strategies
When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversion is
in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new
channel belonging to the new base station. This is called
handoff.
 A slightly stronger signal level than the minimum acceptable

signal level (usually -90 dBm and -100 dBm) is used as a
threshold at which handoff is made.
Definitions of terms like Hard handoff, Soft Handoff, Locator

Receiver, Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO), Intersystem Handoff
10
Handoff Strategies (cont’d)
11
Prioritizing Handoffs
Guard channel concept
A fraction of the total available channels in a cell is
reserved for handoff requests, known as guard
channels
It reduces the total carried traffic but it also reduces

forced terminations of the ongoing calls that will irritate
the users.
12
Practical Handoff Considerations
High speed vehicles pass through the coverage
region within a matter of seconds whereas
pedestrian users may never need a handoff during a
call
Umbrella Cell approach

Cell dragging
13
Interference and System Capacity
Interference may happen because of another mobile in the
same cell, a call progress in the neighboring cell, other base
station operating in the same frequency band, or from any
other noncellular system
Interference is recognized as a major bottleneck in

increasing capacity and is often responsible for dropped calls
Co-channel interference → From the cell using same frequency

Adjacent Channel interference → From frequencies adjacent to
the desired signal frequency
14
Co-channel interference
Unlike thermal noise which can be overcome by increasing
the SNR, co-channel interference cannot be combated by
increasing the carrier power. Rather it will increase the
interference
To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must
be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide
sufficient isolation due to propagation
Co-channel reuse ratio, Q  D  3N

R
where R = Cell Radius
D = Distance between centers of nearest co-channel cells
15
A small value of Q provides larger capacity since cluster size
is small whereas a large value of Q improves quality as con-
channel interference is reduced
Cluster Size,
N=i2+ij+j2
Let i0 be the number of co-channel interfering cells.

Then the Signal-to-Interference (S/I or SIR) is
where S is the desired power level and
Ii is the interference power caused by ith
co-channel base station
16
When the transmit power of each base station is equal
and the path loss exponent (n) is same throughout the
coverage area, S/I can be given as
Considering only the first layer of interfering cells, if all the

interfering base stations are equidistant (D) from the
desired base station, then
There are six co-channels cells in the first tier, so i0=6
17
Illustration of first layer interfering cells
18
Example #2
19
Example #2 (cont’d)
20
Adjacent Channel Interference
Channels are allocated such that the frequency
separation between channels in a cell is maximized
By keeping the frequency separation between each

channel in a cell as large as possible, the adjacent
channel interference may be reduced considerably.
21
Power Reducing for Reducing Interference
The goal is to ensure that each mobile transmits the
smallest power necessary to maintain a good quality
link.
It will help to prolong the battery life
It will also dramatically reduce the Signal-to-

Interference ratio
22
Reference
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice –
Theodore S. Rappaport
E-Book, 1st Edition – Section 2.1 – 2.5, Page 25 - 44

Paper book, 2nd Edition – Section 3.1 – 3.5, Page 57 -
77
23

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The Cellular Concept-

System Design Fundamentals

Interference and System Capacity

Trunking and Grade of Service

Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems

The base station for that cell is allocated a number of radio

Hexagon is a better choice for cell because they can cover

Hexagon also closely approximates a circular radiation

The base station antennas are designed to achieve the

By limiting the coverage area within the boundaries of a

Then Total number of available radio channels, S = kN

Again if a cluster is M times repeated

Cluster size is represented by N and is typically 3, 7, 12

As N = 7, total number of channels available per cell,

For N = 7, total number of voice channels = (600-20) / 7

 A slightly stronger signal level than the minimum acceptable

Definitions of terms like Hard handoff, Soft Handoff, Locator

It reduces the total carried traffic but it also reduces

Umbrella Cell approach

Interference is recognized as a major bottleneck in

Co-channel interference → From the cell using same frequency

Co-channel reuse ratio, Q  D  3N

Let i0 be the number of co-channel interfering cells.

Considering only the first layer of interfering cells, if all the

There are six co-channels cells in the first tier, so i0=6

By keeping the frequency separation between each

It will help to prolong the battery life

It will also dramatically reduce the Signal-to-

E-Book, 1st Edition – Section 2.1 – 2.5, Page 25 - 44

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