Where Do You Need This?: 1.maintenance Engineer 2.energy Management System 3.energy Manager

Where do you need this?
1.Maintenance Engineer
2.Energy management system
3.Energy Manager
DC / AC
Power consumed by the load or lossed

INTRODUCTION
Power triangle concept
cos ɸ
ɸ
5
ACTIVE, REACTIVE AND APPARENT POWER
 Active Power (or Load): Power that is dissipated in the resistive
elements in the circuit. (Units: Watts, W)
P  VI where θ is the angle between voltage and current
cos()
 Reactive Power: Power that is periodically stored in and returned to
the circuit from energy storing elements like inductor and capacitor
(Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive, VAR)
Q  VI sin()
 Apparent Power: The magnitude of power that is apparently used by
the circuit, a product of the voltage and current amplitudes.
(Units: Volt-Ampere, PA 
VA) VI
6
POWER FACTOR AND REACTIVE FACTOR
• Power Factor: The fraction of the total apparent power that
is available for consumption.
P
pf  cos()  VI
• Reactive Factor: The fraction of the total apparent power

that ‘circulates’ in the energy storing elements
sin(θ) = Q / (V.I)
7
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
Overview of power expressions
8
POWER TRIANGLE CONCEPT
• A load with an inductive component causes current to lag voltage.
• If the voltage phasors are divided by I, we get impedance triangle.
• If the voltage phasors are multiplied by I, we get the power triangle.
S Q
• Two perpendicular sides of the power triangle can be identified as

active and reactive power, while the hypotenuse is the apparent power
9
POWER TRIANGLE CONCEPT
• S is the complex power, the
source should be able to produce (inductive load
this magnitude of apparent power. i.e. XL > XC)
•Complex power captures all

info about power absorbed
by the load.
•If both V and I are represented as
complex numbers (phasors),
Real power
Reactive power (capacitive load
i.e. XC > XL)
10
• NUMERICAL
A 10 µ F capacitor is connected in series with a 270 resistor across a 20 V,
50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the current fl owing, (b) the p.d.s across the
resistor and the capacitor, and (c) the circuit power factor.
(a) the current;
• 1. A coil having a resistance of 6 Ω and an inductance of 0.03 H is connected
across a 50 V, 60 Hz supply. Calculate:
(a) the phase angle between the current and applied voltage;
(b) the apparent power;
(c) the active power.
13
NUMERICAL
Solution: (a) The phasor diagram for such a circuit is given in Figure.
Reactance of circuit = 2πfL = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.03
XL = 11.31 Ω
Impedance ZL = √{62 + (11.31)2} = 12.8 Ω
Current I = V/ZL = 50/12.8 = 3.9 A
(b) tan ϕ = XL/R = 11.31/6 =1.885 => ϕ = 62°
(c)Apparent power |S| = VI = 50 × 3.9 = 195 VA
(d)Active power P = |S| × cos ϕ = 195 × 0.469 = 92 W

14
NUMERICAL
An industrial consumer is operating a 50 kW (67.1 hp) induction
motor at a lagging PF of 0.8. The source voltage is 230 V rms. In
order to obtain lower electrical rates, the customer wishes to raise
the PF to 0.95 lagging. Specify a suitable solution.
16
NUMERICAL
Solution: A purely reactive load must be added to the system, and it is
clear that it must be added in parallel, since the supply voltage to the
induction motor must not change. The circuit of Fig. is thus applicable if
we interpret S1 as the induction motor’s complex power and S2 as the
complex power drawn by the corrective device.
17
NUMERICAL
The complex power supplied to the induction motor must have a real
part of 50 kW and an angle of cos−1(0.8), or 36.9°. Hence,
S1 = (50/0.8)∟36.9◦ = 50 + j37.5 kVA
In order to achieve a PF of 0.95,
the total complex power must become
S = S1 + S2 = (50/0.95)∟cos−1(0.95)
= 50 + j16.43 kVA
Thus, the complex power drawn by the corrective load is
S2 = −j21.07 kVA
18
NUMERICAL
The necessary load impedance Z2 may be found in several simple steps.
We select a phase angle of 0° for the voltage source, and therefore the
current drawn by Z2 is
I2∗ = S2/V = (−j21070)/230 = −j91.6 A or I2 = j91.6 A

Therefore,
Z2 =V/I2 =230/j91.6 = −j2.51 Ω
(capacitive corrective device)
19
NUMERICAL
An a.c. generator is supplying a load of 300 kW at a power factor of
0.6 lagging. If the power factor is raised to unity, how much more
power (in kilowatts) can the generator supply for the same kVA
(kilo-volt-ampere) loading?
20
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Since the power P1 (in kW) = |S| (in kVA) × pf,
|S| = 300/0.6 = 500 kVA
When the pf is raised to unity, |S| (in kVA) = P2 (in kW)

=> P2 = 500 kW
Hence power supplied by generator is increased by
P2 – P1 = 500 − 300 = 200 kW
21
NUMERICAL
An inductor coil is connected in series with a
pure resistor of 30 Ω across a 230 V, 50 Hz
supply. The voltage measured across the coil
is 180 V and the voltage measured across the
resistor is 130 V.
Calculate the power dissipated in the coil.
22
NUMERICAL
Solution:
V = VR + VLr (phasor sum)
By the geometry of the diagram:
V2 = V2R+ V2Lr + 2VRVLr cos φLr
=> 2302 = 1302 + 1802 + 2 × 130 × 180 × cos φLr
cos φLr = 0.077
I = VR/R = 130/30 = 4.33 A
=> Pr = VLr I cos φLr = 180 × 4.33 × 0.077 = 60 W
23
NUMERICAL
A single-phase motor operating off a 400 V, 50 Hz supply
is producing 10 kW output with an efficiency of 84% and a
power factor (p.f.) of 0.7 lagging. Calculate:
(a)the input apparent power;
(b)the active and reactive components of the current;
(c)the reactive power (in kilovars).
24
NUMERICAL
Solution:
a)Efficiency = output power in watts / input power in watts
= output power in watts / (VI×pf)
=> 0.84 = (10×1000) / (VI×0.7)
=> VI = 17000 VA => Input |S| = 17 kVA
b)Current taken by motor I = |S| / V = 17000/400 = 42.5 A

 active component of current is I cos φ = I×pf = 42.5 × 0.7 = 29.75 A
sin φ = √(1 − cos2φ) = √{1 − (0.7)2}= 0.714
=> reactive component of current is I sin φ = 42.5 × 0.714 = 30.4 A
c)Reactive power Q = V I sin φ = 400 × 30.4 VAR = 12.1 kVAR
25
A single-phase motor takes 8.3 A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging
when connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Two similar capacitors are
connected in parallel with each other to form a capacitance bank. This
capacitance bank is now connected in parallel with the motor to raise the
power factor to unity. Determine the capacitance of each capacitor.
41
A coil of resistance 25 and inductance 40 mH is connected to a 50 Hz a.c.
supply, and the current which then flows is 5.36 A. Calculate (a) the
supply voltage, (b) the circuit phase angle, and (c) the power dissipated.
UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
1. An inductor coil is connected to a supply of 230 V at 50 Hz and takes a
current of 5.0 A. The coil dissipates 750 W. Calculate:
(a)the resistance and the inductance of the coil;
(b)the power factor of the coil. Ans: 34.87Ω, 111 mH, 0.65 lag
2. A single-phase motor takes 8.3 A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging
when connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Two similar capacitors are
connected in parallel with each other to form a capacitance bank. This
capacitance bank is now connected in parallel with the motor to raise the
power factor to unity. Determine the capacitance of each capacitor.
Ans 28.7 µF 41
UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
3.A single-phase load of 5 kW operates at a power factor of 0.6 lagging.

It is proposed to improve this power factor to 0.95 lagging by connecting
a capacitor across the load. Calculate the kV A rating of the capacitor.
Ans: 5.02kVA
4.A 25 kV A single-phase motor has a power factor of 0.8 lag. A 10 kV A

capacitor is connected for power factor correction. Calculate the input
apparent power in kV A taken from the mains and its power factor when
the motor is (a) on half load; (b) on full load. Sketch a phasor diagram for
each case.
Ans: 10.3 kVA, 0.97 leading, 20.6 kVA, 0.97 lagging
30
REFERENCES
• Edward Hughes; John Hiley, Keith Brown, Ian McKenzie

Smith, “Electrical and Electronic Technology”, 10th edition,
Pearson Education Limited, Year: 2008.
• William H. Hayt, Jr. Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin,

“Engineering Circuit Analysis”, 8th Ed, McGraw Hill, Indian
Edition, 2012.
31

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Power consumed by the load or lossed

• Reactive Factor: The fraction of the total apparent power

Overview of power expressions

• Two perpendicular sides of the power triangle can be identified as

•Complex power captures all

(b) tan ϕ = XL/R = 11.31/6 =1.885 => ϕ = 62°

(c)Apparent power |S| = VI = 50 × 3.9 = 195 VA

(d)Active power P = |S| × cos ϕ = 195 × 0.469 = 92 W

I2∗ = S2/V = (−j21070)/230 = −j91.6 A or I2 = j91.6 A

Since the power P1 (in kW) = |S| (in kVA) × pf,

|S| = 300/0.6 = 500 kVA

When the pf is raised to unity, |S| (in kVA) = P2 (in kW)

b)Current taken by motor I = |S| / V = 17000/400 = 42.5 A

3.A single-phase load of 5 kW operates at a power factor of 0.6 lagging.

4.A 25 kV A single-phase motor has a power factor of 0.8 lag. A 10 kV A

• Edward Hughes; John Hiley, Keith Brown, Ian McKenzie

• William H. Hayt, Jr. Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin,

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