Chapter 5

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

Objectives

In this chapter, you will:

Draw shear and bending-moment diagrams using static equilibrium applied

to sections.
Describe the relationships between applied loads, shear, and bending
moments throughout a beam.

Use section modulus to design beams

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Shear And Bending-moment Diagrams

5.3. Relationships Between Load, Shear, And Bending Moment

5.4. Design Of Prismatic Beams For Bending

5.1. Introduction

 This chapter is devoted to the analysis and the design of beams, which are structural
members supporting loads applied at various points along the member.

 Beams are usually long, straight prismatic members.

 Steel and aluminum beams play an important part in both structural and mechanical
engineering.

 Timber beams are widely used in home construction (Photo 5.1).

 In most cases, the loads are perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
Photo 5.1 Timber beams used
 This transverse loading causes only bending and shear in the beam. in a residential dwelling.

 When the loads are not at a right angle to the beam, they also produce axial forces in the beam.
The transverse loading of a beam may consist of:

*concentrated loads P1, P2, . . . (expressed in newtons, pounds, or their multiples of kilonewtons and
kips (Fig. 5.1a));

*a distributed load w (expressed in N/m, kN/m, lb/ft, or kips/ft (Fig. 5.1b)); or

*a combination of both.

When the load w per unit length has a constant value over part of the beam (as between A and B in
Fig. 5.1b), the load is uniformly distributed.

(a) Concentrated loads (b) Distributed loads

Fig. 5.1 Transversely loaded beams.

 Classification of Beam Supports

 Beams are classified according to the way they are supported, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

 The distance L is called the span.

 Note that the reactions at the supports of the beams in Fig. 5.2 a, b, and c involve a total
of only three unknowns and can be determined by the methods of statics. Such beams are
said to be statically determinate.

 On the other hand, the reactions at the supports of the beams in Fig. 5.2 d, e, and f involve
more than three unknowns and cannot be determined by the methods of statics alone.

 The properties of the beams with regard to their resistance to deformations must be taken
into consideration. Such beams are said to be statically indeterminate.
Fig. 5.2 Common beam support configurations.
 Sometimes two or more beams are connected by hinges to form a single continuous structure.

 Two examples of beams hinged at a point H are shown in Fig. 5.3.

 The reactions at the supports involve four unknowns and cannot be determined from the free-
body diagram of the two-beam system.

 Therefore , they can be determined by recognizing that the internal moment at the hinge is
zero.

 Then, after considering the free-body diagram of each beam separately, six unknowns are
involved (including two force components at the hinge), and six equations are available.

Fig. 5.3 Beams connected by hinges.

 When a beam is subjected to transverse loads,
the internal forces in any section of the beam
consist of a shear force V and a bending couple
M.

 For example, a simply supported beam AB is

carrying two concentrated loads and a uniformly
distributed load (Fig. 5.4a).

Fig. 5.4 Analysis of a simply

supported beam.
 To determine the internal forces in a section through point C, draw the free-body
diagram of the entire beam to obtain the reactions at the supports (Fig. 5.4b).

 Passing a section through C, then draw the free-body diagram of AC (Fig. 5.4c), from
which the shear force V and the bending couple M are found.

 The bending couple M creates normal stresses in the cross section, while the
shear force V creates shearing stresses.

 In most cases, the dominant criterion in the design of a beam for strength is the
maximum value of the normal stress in the beam.
 
 Since the distribution of the normal stresses in a given section depends only upon the
bending moment M and the geometry of the section, the elastic flexure formulas are used to
determine the maximum stress, as well as the stress at any given point;

(5.1)
And

(5.2)

 where I is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to a centroidal axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple,

 y is the distance from the neutral surface, and c is the maximum value of that distance.
 
 the maximum value of the normal stress can be expressed in terms of the section modulus S.
Thus

(5.3)
 The fact that is inversely proportional to S underlines the importance of selecting beams
with a large section modulus.
 the section modulus of a rectangular shape is
(5.4)
 where b and h are, respectively, the width and the depth of the cross section.
Note:-Section moduli of various rolled-steel shapes are given in Appendix C of beer
textbook book 7th edition/others edition. Therefore you can refer text book.
 
 Equation (5.3) also shows that for a beam of uniform cross section, is proportional to |M |.

 Thus, the maximum value of the normal stress in the beam occurs in the section where |M |
is largest.

 One of the most important parts of the design of a beam for a given loading condition is the
determination of the location and magnitude of the largest bending moment.

 This task is made easier if a bending-moment diagram is drawn, where the bending moment

M is determined at various points of the beam and plotted against the distance x measured

from one end.

 It is also easier if a shear diagram is drawn by plotting the shear V against x.

5.2. SHEAR AND BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAMS

 The maximum absolute values of the shear and bending moment in a beam are easily
found if V and M are plotted against the distance x measured from one end of the
beam.

 In this section, the shear and bending-moment diagrams are obtained by determining
the values of V and M at selected points of the beam.

 These values are found by passing a section through the point to be determined (Fig.
5.5a) and considering the equilibrium of the portion of beam located on either side of
the section (Fig. 5.5b).
  Since the shear forces V and V′ have opposite senses, recording the shear at point C
with an up or down arrow is meaningless, unless it is indicated at the same time which
of the free bodies AC and CB is being considered.

 For this reason, the shear V is recorded with a plus sign if the shear forces are directed
as in Fig. 5.5b and a minus sign otherwise.

 A similar convention is applied for the bending moment M.

Fig. 5.5 Determination of shear force, V, and bending moment,

M, at a given section. (a) Loaded beam with section indicated
at arbitrary position x. (b) Free-body diagrams drawn to the
left and right of the section at C.
 Summarizing the sign conventions:

The shear V and the bending moment M at a given point of a beam are positive when the internal
forces and couples acting on each portion of the beam are directed as shown in Fig. 5.6a.

1. The shear at any given point of a beam is positive when the external forces (loads and
reactions) acting on the beam tend to shear off the beam at that point as indicated in Fig. 5.6b.

2. The bending moment at any given point of a beam is positive when the external forces acting
on the beam tend to bend the beam at that point as indicated in Fig. 5.6c.

Fig. 5.6 Sign convention for shear and bending moment

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
The shear and moment diagrams for a beam can be constructed using the
following procedure.
Support Reactions.
• Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam,
and resolve all the forces into
components acting perpendicular and parallel to the beam’s axis.
Shear and Moment Functions.
• Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at the beam’s left end and extending to
regions of the beam between concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where there is
no discontinuity of distributed loading.
• Section the beam at each distance x, and draw the free-body diagram of one of the
segments. Be sure V and M are shown acting in their positive sense, in accordance with the
sign convention given in above fig.
• The shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis.
• To eliminate V, the moment is obtained directly by summing moments about the sectioned
end of the segment.
Shear and Moment Diagrams.
• Plot the shear diagram (V versus x) and the moment diagram (M versus x). If
numerical values of the
functions describing V and M are positive, the values are plotted above the x axis,
whereas negative values
are plotted below the axis.
• Generally it is convenient to show the shear and moment diagrams below the free-
body diagram of
the beam.
Concept Application 5.1 solution

Draw the shear and bending-moment

Determine the reactions at the supports
diagrams for a simply supported beam AB
from the free-body diagram of the entire
of span L subjected to a single concentrated
load P at its midpoint C (Fig. 5.7a). beam (Fig. 5.7b).

The magnitude of each reaction is equal to

P/2.
Fig. 5.7

(a) Simply supported beam with midpoint load, P.

(b) Free-body diagram of entire beam.

(c) Free-body diagrams with section taken to left of

load P.

(d) Free-body diagrams with section taken to right of

load P.

(e) Shear diagram.

(f) Bending-moment diagram.

 
 Next cut the beam at a point D between A and C and draw the free-body diagrams of
AD and DB (Fig. 5.7c).
 Assuming that the shear and bending moment are positive, we direct the internal forces
V and V′ and the internal couples M and M′ as in Fig. 5.6a.
 Consider the free body AD.
 The sum of the vertical components and the sum of the moments about D of the forces
acting on the free body are zero, so
 and .Both the shear and the bending moment are positive.
 This is checked by observing that the reaction at A tends to shear off and bend the beam
at D as indicated in Figs. 5.6b and c.
 We plot V and M between A and C (Figs. 5.8d and e).
 
The shear has a constant value , while the bending moment increases linearly from atto at .

Cutting the beam at a point E between C and B and considering the free body EB (Fig. 5.7d), the
sum of the vertical components and the sum of the moments about E of the forces acting on the
free body are zero. Obtain and . Therefore, the shear is negative, and the bending moment
positive. This is checked by observing that the reaction at B bends the beam at E as in Fig. 5.6c
but tends to shear it off in a manner opposite to that shown in Fig. 5.6b. The shear and bending-
moment diagrams of Figs. 5.7e and f are completed by showing the shear with a constant value
between C and B, while the bending moment decreases linearly from at to at .
  
Concept Application 5.2 Cut the beam at a point C, located between A and B, and

Draw the shear and bending-moment draw the free-body diagram of AC (Fig. 5.8b), directing
diagrams for a cantilever beam AB of V and M as in Fig. 5.6a. Using the distance x from A to
span L supporting a uniformly C and replacing the distributed load over AC by its
distributed load w(Fig. 5.8a). resultant applied at the midpoint of AC, write
 
Note that the shear diagram is represented by an
oblique straight line (Fig. 5.8c) and the
bending-moment diagram by a parabola (Fig.
5.8d). The maximum values of and both occur
at B, where,

Fig. 5.8 (a) Cantilevered beam supporting a uniformly distributed

load. (b) Free-body diagram of section AC. (c) Shear diagram. (d)
Bending-moment diagram.
 Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body,
determine the reaction forces
• Section the beam at points near supports and
load application points. Apply equilibrium
For the timber beam and loading shown, draw analyses on resulting free-bodies to
determine internal shear forces and bending
the shear and bend-moment diagrams and couples
determine the maximum normal stress due to • Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
bending.
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding maximum
normal stress.
 SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from  Fy  0   M B : RB  40 kN RD  14 kN

• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

on resulting free-bodies
 Fy  0  20 kN  V1  0 V1  20 kN
 M1  0  20 kN 0 m   M1  0 M1  0

 Fy  0  20 kN  V2  0 V2  20 kN
 M2  0  20 kN 2.5 m   M 2  0 M 2  50 kN  m

V3  26 kN M 3  50 kN  m
V4  26 kN M 4  28 kN  m
V5  14 kN M 5  28 kN  m
V6  14 kN M 6  0

5 -26
• Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm  26 kN M m  M B  50 kN  m

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding maximum
normal stress.

S  16 b h 2  16  0.080 m  0.250 m  2

 833.33  10 6 m3

MB 50 103 N  m
m  
S 833.33 10 6 m3

 m  60.0 106 Pa

5 - 27
 Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with an equivalent
force-couple system at D. Find the
reactions at B by considering the beam as a
rigid body.
The structure shown is constructed
of a W10x112 rolled-steel beam. • Section the beam at points near the support
(a) Draw the shear and bending- and load application points. Apply
moment diagrams for the beam and equilibrium analyses on resulting free-
the given loading. (b) determine bodies to determine internal shear forces
normal stress in sections just to the and bending couples.
right and left of point D.
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.
SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent
force-couple system at D. Find reactions
at B.
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C :
 Fy  0  3 x  V  0 V  3 x kips
 M1  0  3 x   12 x   M 0 M  1.5 x 2 kip  ft

From C to D :
 Fy  0  24  V  0 V  24 kips
 M2  0 24 x  4   M  0 M   96  24 x  kip  ft

From D to B :
V  34 kips M   226  34 x  kip  ft

5 - 29
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress
to the left and right of point D.

From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled

steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X
axis.
To the left of D :
M 2016kip  in  m  16.0 ksi
m  
S 126in 3
To the right of D :
M 1776 kip  in
m    m  14.1 ksi
S 126in 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig.
In each case, the beam is subjected to the loadings shown. Draw the free-body diagram of the beam, and sketch the general shape
of the shear and moment diagrams. The loads and geometry are assumed to be known.
5.2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR, AND BENDING MOMENT

When a beam carries more than two or three concentrated loads, or when it carries distributed
loads, the method outlined in Sec. 5.1 for plotting shear and bending moment can prove quite
cumbersome/bulky.

The construction of the shear diagram and, especially, of the bending-moment diagram will be
greatly facilitated if certain relations existing between load, shear, and bending moment are taken
into consideration.

Fig. 5.9 (a) Simply supported beam subjected to a

distributed load, with a small element between C and
C', (b) free-body diagram of the element.
 
 For example, a simply supported beam AB is carrying a distributed load per unit length (Fig.
5.9a), where C and C' are two points of the beam at a distance from each other.

 The shear and bending moment at C is denoted by V and M, respectively, and is assumed to be
positive.

 The shear and bending moment at C' is denoted by and .

 Detach the portion of beam CC' and draw its free-body diagram (Fig. 5.9b).

 The forces exerted on the free body include a load of magnitude and internal forces and
couples at C and C'.

 Since shear and bending moment are assumed to be positive, the forces and couples are
directed as shown.
 
Relationships between Load and Shear. The sum of the vertical components of the forces acting
on the free body CC is zero, so

Dividing both members of the equation by and then letting approach zero,

(5.5)

Equation (5.5) indicates that, for a beam loaded as shown in Fig. 5.9a, the slope of the shear
curve is negative. The magnitude of the slope at any point is equal to the load per unit length at
that point.
 
Integrating Eq. (5.5) between points C and D,

(5.6a)

(5.6b)

Note that this result could be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the portion of beam CD,
since the area under the load curve represents the total load applied between C and D.

Also, Eq. (5.5) is not valid at a point where a concentrated load is applied; the shear curve is
discontinuous at such a point, as seen in Sec. 5.1. Similarly, Eqs. (5.6a) and (5.6b) are not valid
when concentrated loads are applied between C and D, since they do not take into account the
sudden change in shear caused by a concentrated load. Equations (5.6a) and (5.6b), should be
applied only between successive concentrated loads.
 
Relationships between Shear and Bending Moment. Returning to the free-body diagram of Fig. 5.9b and
writing that the sum of the moments about C' is zero, we have

Dividing both members by and then letting approach zero,

(5.7)

Equation (5.7) indicates that the slope of the bending-moment curve is equal to the value of the shear.
This is true at any point where the shear has a well-defined value (i.e., no concentrated load is applied).
Equation (5.7) also shows that V =0 at points where M is maximum. This property facilitates the
determination of the points where the beam is likely to fail under bending.
 
Integrating Eq. (5.7) between points C and D,

(5.7a)

(5.8b)

Note that the area under the shear curve is positive where the shear is positive and negative
where the shear is negative.
Equations (5.8a) and (5.8b) are valid even when concentrated loads are applied between C
and D, as long as the shear curve has been drawn correctly. The equations are not valid if a
couple is applied at a point between C and D, since they do not take into account the sudden
change in bending moment caused by a couple
 
5.3 DESIGN OF PRISMATIC BEAMS FOR BENDING

The design of a beam is usually controlled by the maximum absolute value of the bending moment that occurs in
the beam. The largest normal stress in the beam is found at the surface of the beam in the critical section where
occurs and is obtained by substituting for |M| in Eq. (5.1) or Eq. (5.3).

(5.1a)

(5.3a)

A safe design requires that , where is the allowable stress for the material used.

Substituting for in (5.3a) and solving for S yields the minimum allowable value of the section modulus for the
beam being designed:

(5.9)
 
A proper procedure should lead to the most economical design. This means that among beams of
the same type and same material, and other things being equal, the beam with the smallest
weight per unit length—and, thus, the smallest cross-sectional area—should be selected,
since this beam will be the least expensive.

The design procedure generally includes the following steps:

Step 1. First determine the value of for the material selected from a table of properties of
materials or from design specifications. You also can compute this value by dividing the ultimate
strength of the material by an appropriate factor of safety.

Step 2. Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams corresponding to the specified loading
conditions, and determine the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam.
 
Step 3. Determine from Eq. (5.9) the minimum allowable value of the section modulus of the
beam.

Step 4. For a timber beam, the depth h of the beam, its width b, or the ratio h/b characterizing
the shape of its cross section probably will have been specified. The unknown dimensions can
be selected by using Eq. (4.19), so b and h satisfy the relation .

Step 5. For a rolled-steel beam, consult the appropriate table in Appendix C. Of the available
beam sections, consider only those with a section modulus .and select the section with the
smallest weight per unit length. This is the most economical of the sections for which . Note
that this is not necessarily the section with the smallest value of S
 Sample Problem 5.8
SOLUTION:
• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

• Develop the shear diagram for the beam

and load distribution. From the diagram,
A simply supported steel beam is to carry the determine the maximum bending moment.
distributed and concentrated loads shown. Knowing
that the allowable normal stress for the grade of
• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
steel to be used is 160 MPa, select the wide-flange
shape that should be used. section modulus. Choose the best standard
section which meets this criteria.

5 - 42
• Considering the entire beam as a free-body, determine
the reactions at A and D.
 M A  0  D 5 m    60 kN 1.5 m    50 kN  4 m 
D  58.0 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  58.0 kN  60 kN  50 kN
Ay  52.0 kN

• Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A  Ay  52.0 kN
VB  V A   area under load curve  60 kN
VB  8 kN

• Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max   area under shear curve, A to E 
 67.6 kN

5 - 43
 • Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN  m
S min  
 all 160 MPa
 422.5  10 6 m3  422.5  103 mm3

• Choose the best standard section which meets this criteria.

Shape S , mm3 W 360 32.9

W410 38.8 637
W360 32.9 474
W310 38.7 549
W250 44.8 535
W200 46.1 448
 
*Load and Resistance Factor Design. This alternative method of design was applied to
members under axial loading in Sec. 1.5D. It also can be applied to the design of beams in
bending. Replace the loads , , and in Eq. (1.27) by the bending moments , , and :
(5.10)
The coefficients and are the load factors, and the coefficient is the resistance factor.
The moments and are the bending moments due to the dead and the live loads respectively.
is equal to the product of the ultimate strength of the material and the section modulus S of
the beam: = S
TRATEGY: Draw the bending-moment diagram to find the
absolute maximum bending-moment. Then, using this
bending-moment, you can determine the required section
properties that satisfy the given allowable stress.
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
Reactions. Consider the entire beam to be a free body (Fig. 1).