ANTHROPOLOGY

A.
Define Anthropology
B. Explain Culture and the mechanism of
Enculturation.
C. Synthesize anthropological perspective on
self-awareness and self-reflexive conduct.
D. Show appreciation of one's cultural identity
through practice of one's cultural values.
1. What is your most significant learning experience in
the activity?
2. How do you feel about the learning process?
3.What have you discovered about yourself and your
classmate?
4. How do you view your uniqueness in relation to the
uniqueness of others too?
ANTHROPOLOGY
Study of all the aspects of
human condition, it
includes human history, the
present human condition
and the future possibilities
Conrad Phillip Kottak, 2009
It (anthropology) also examines
Biology
Interaction in society
Language
Culture
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Explores the interconnectedness
and interdependence of human
cultural experiences in all places
and ages.
 This kind of broad and holistic
perspective of anthropological
inquiry equips the anthropologist
the ascendancy in explaining human
nature. (Havilland, et. al, 2014)
William A. Havilland
How does anthropology
explain Human Nature?
What is the anthropological

concept of Self?
SELF (ANTHROPOLOGY)
 Self is both a biological and cultural identity.
 The traditional anthropological understanding
of the self is that the self is an animal specie
which underwent the process of biological
evolution and has shared characteristics with
other living animals, the hominids, in particular.
SELF (ANTHROPOLOGY)
 Has better
development in terms
if brain
 Adaptation to the
Behavioral
environmental Changes
survival
 Self developing a
culture
SELF (ANTHROPOLOGY)
 Is a living animal but superior to other animals due to
a certain factors.
A. Physical Aspect
– the self as the only animal with a larger brain
capacity making him/her a rational animal
– the only animal that can stand straight
allowinghim/her to have a better mobility in doing
things.
SELF (ANTHROPOLOGY)
B. Social Aspect
–self uses language and symbol in dynamic,
complicated and yet systematic manner allowing
him/her to communicate, preserve history,
knowledge, culture, etc. can cooperate with others in
a systematic manner in larger cooperation; invents
new things for survival.
2 Concepts in
Anthropology
Culture Enculturation
Culture
 Traditionally defined as systems of human behavior and
thoughts
 These concerns are
 Customs, traditions, capabilities of human
 Complex structures of
 Knowledge, beliefs, arts, religion, moral, law, language,
traditional practices and all other aspects
 Symbolic, becomes an integral part of culture
 Burial sites, ancestral homes, rituals, landmarks of
significant historical events and customary actions
Clifford Geertz, 1973
"a historically transmitted
pattern of meanings embodied
in symbols, a system of
inherited conceptions
expressed in symbolic forms
by means of which men
communicate, perpetuate, and
develop their knowledge about
their attitudes towards life."
Thomas Csordas, 1999
"Embodiment in symbols" of
cultural elements describes both
an attitudeof our body to
corporate techniques and social
devices, and a creative vacation
to invent and incorporate new
and different expressive creative
ways.
Culture
 Is learned and is very
much integrated in one's
customs and beliefs.
 Engrained in the patterns
and systems of one's life
 Can be Adaptive or
Maladaptive
Adaptive and
Maladaptive
 Adaptive
 Shall continue to manifest the key central
values that the individual and community
wants to demonstrate
 Maladaptive
 Communities may also try to get rid of cultural
practices that will only extinguish the identity
and good will of the community.
Enculturation
 The transmission of culture from one generation to the next
 Done through observation, use of language, adaption to
environment, rituals and formal or informal education.
 This process is the way in which we obtain and transmit
culture. It describes how each individual comes to terms
with the already set ideals that their culture has established,
and how each person adapts to prohibited behaviors and
beliefs, which are ‘proscribed’, versus encouraged
behaviors and beliefs, which are ‘prescribed’.
The Self and Person
in the Contemporary
Anthropology
The Self and Person in the Contemporary Anthropology
 The anthropological self takes a holistic

dimension of the individual person.
 Consider both the biological and environmental
aspects of person
 Genetic component
– anthropologist suggested that genes of a
person living in a particular community are
already a necessary component for the
enculturation of the person.
The Self and Person in the Contemporary Anthropology
 Environmental Exposure
– anthropologist claims that environmental
exposure starts soon after birth.
– contemporary anthropologist suggested
that environmental exposure starts during
conception.
Self-awareness
 "that which permits one to assume responsibility for one's own
conduct, to learn how to react to others, and to assume a variety of
roles" (Haviland, 2003)
 Starts to conceptualize at the age of 2.
 Studies also show that self-awareness is conceptualize much earlier
by children sleeping with parents and are exposed to a variety of
stimulus like touch and such.
 Stimulation is maximized when the child is in close contact with
the mother or carer and all the other members of the family.
 This develops the neural circuitry or the hard wiring of brain
faster than with children with less stimulation.
Self-awareness
 This identity is further intensified by q
practice common to all cultures— the
naming ritual.
 It gives a person his/her own unique
traits, experience, popularity, identify and
status.
 The person's name is also a symbol of
one'd status in the community.
Self and
Behavioral
Environment
Self and Behavioral Environment
 One must be able to grasp the different behavioral orientations.

 These concepts will help situate self in different behavioral
conditions
Four Environmental Orientation

1. Object Orientation
2. Spatial Orientation
3. Temporal Orientation
4. Normative Orientation
Four Environmental Orientation
1. Object Orientation
 Position the self in relation to the surrounding object
 The self should be able to act responsively to the cultural object
around.
2. Spatial Orientation
 Provides the self with personal space in relation to other people or
things
3. Temporal Orientation
 Endows the self with the sense of time
4. Normative Orientation
 Provides the self with a grasp of accepted norms in the community
 Providing the self an idea of behaviors which are not acceptable in
The Self
Embedded in
Culture
The Self Embedded in Culture
 The ability to manage the differences between selves

is what makes the self embedded in culture.
Psychological anthropologist recognize the thin line
that distinguishes the cultural self and the "actual self".
The latter includes all feelings, thoughts, experiences,
biological and psychological constitutions, language
and memory. Therefore, what remains in this
distinctions is the solid identity of the self in relation to
everything else.
 The claims of the self as embedded in culture can
only be embedded when the self recognizes its
relation to everything else.
 Complexity of cultural identities of peoples,
things, and events shall be recognized and
respected by the self.
 Self should not maintain the individualistic,
independent and autonomous entity but the self
should be able to maintain his or her solid
culturally reflexive identity in relation to
 Anthropology recognizes the movement of this
understanding towards plurality and multiplicity of
thoughts, beliefs, convictions and practices, and this is
exactly the contribution of anthropology to the post-
modern era.
 Anthropology movements at this time are already geared
toward recognizing the power of culture in influencing
little gaps and interstices, meaning intervening space
between people.
Cultural Degration or Cultural
Genocide
 Means the loss if a particular culture due to assimilation or
loss of interest.
 Assimilation— this happens when a dominant culture is
overshadowing the inferior cultures.
In a longer scale, cultures is also lost through continued
violence, genocide, inability to respect traditions, religions,
beliefs and cultural community's sense of pride, which are
largely result if globalization.
 A very obvious example of cultural degration is that
brought by excessive exposure to media in various forms
“Culture is also not a force or causal
agent in the world, but a context in
which people live out their lives.”
(Clifford Geertz, 19973)
SUMMARY
PRESENTORS:
Li Shien E.
Loria
Carla Flor
Losiñada
BSBA
Operations
Management

ANTHROPOLOGY

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A.

What is the anthropological

 The anthropological self takes a holistic

 One must be able to grasp the different behavioral orientations.

Four Environmental Orientation

 The ability to manage the differences between selves

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