Network Architecture + Call Flow: Prepared By: Ahlem Bouchnine

Network Architecture + Call Flow
Prepared by :
Ahlem BOUCHNINE
Wireless Technology Evolution
The first generation (1G)
• The first-generation mobile communication.
• Analogue cellular mobile communication .
• Feature:
• FDMA
• Analogue signal.
• exemple system : AMPS,TACS,NMT.
• Weakness:
• no common interface between system.
• fails to adapt to the future digital network.
• fails to meet the large capacity.
• low security.
The second generation (2G)
 The second-generation mobile communication.
 digital cellular mobile communication .
 Feature:
 TDMA
 Digital signal.
 example system : GSM,N-CDMA.
 Weakness:
 fails to offer kinds of services :high-speed data , video streaming to the future digital network.
 fails to realize the real global roaming.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM Architecture
 A PUBLIC Land Mobile Network (PLMN) of the GSM type is in the form of
a hierarchical structure composed of four segments:
Network supervision
TMN
Routing and security management
NSS
Radio resource management
BSS
Data return
MS
7
GSM Architecture
MS
(Mobile Segment)
Compose
8
GSM Architecture
BSS
(Base Stations Subsystem)
 Brings together equipment that provides all the functions of managing radio aspects
and wireless transmissions.
9
GSM Architecture
BSS
(Base Stations Subsystem)
BTS BSC
(Base Tranceiver Station) (Base Station Controller)
‘1 or N’
 Receiver transmitter (antenna)  Intelligent System BSS (Brain).

capable of analyzing the quality of  Ensures:
communication.  Data analysis.
 Provides the interface between  Channel allocation.
fixed and mobile structure.  Decision-making to ensure
 Each antenna covers a delimited continuity of communication in 10
area (cell). mobility.

 The air part > access network
 Focus on the BSC
GSM Architecture
NSS
(Network SubSystem)
 Groups subsystems that provide network-level functions:

 Routing.
 interconnection.
11
Architecture of a GSM network
GSM Architecture
NSS
(Network SubSystem)
MSC
HLR VLR (Mobile-services Switching
(Home Location Register) (Visitor Location Register) Center)
 Centralized network memory  Temporary memory.  Interaction with HLR to know

 Database containing customer  Lists the mobile devices in its the VLR with RTCP
profile and location. area.  Internal routing: interacts
with VLR for location and
HLR for authentication.
 interconnection with RTCP
12
GSM Architecture
TMN
(Telecommunication Management Network)
 Brings together the subsystems that perform the

functions
 Securing.
 Supervision.
 Maintenance.
13
GSM Architecture
TMN
OMC NMC
EIR AUC
‘plusieurs’
(Equipement Identity (Authentification (Operations and (Network
Register) Center) Maintenance Center) Management Center)
Security Database used to Provide remote Provides network

detect fraudulent configuration and supervision
access control functions functions
14
GSM Specification
GSM 900
• Carrier Separation:200 KHZ.
• Mobile to BTS (Uplink): 890-915 MHZ • Duplex Distance:45 MHZ
• BTS To Mobile (Downlink):935-960MHZ • No. of RF carriers:124
• Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
• Bandwidth: 2*25 MHZ .
• Modulation Method : GMSK
GSM 1800
• Frame duration: 4.615 mS
• Mobile to BTS (Uplink): 1710-1785 MHZ • Duplex Technique: Frequency Division
• BTS To Mobile (Downlink):1805-1880 Duplexing (FDD) .
MHZ
• Speech channels per RF channel: 8
• Bandwidth: 2*75 MHZ
Security in GSM
• On air interface GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead

of IMSI.
• three algorithms are specified:
• A3 algorithm for authentication.
• A5 algorithm for encryption.
• A8 algorithm for Key generation.
GSM Advantages
Improved spectrum efficiency
Capacity increases.
 International roaming
 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs).
 High-quality speech
 Support for new services ( SMS)

Call Flow GSM
Call Flow GSM
MTC
Handover
GPRS
Comparison between GSM & GPRS
3G
3G Capabilities
 High-speed data transmission.
 Improved voice quality
 greater capacity
 multiple simultaneous services
 global roaming across networks
 improved security
 service flexibility
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Specification
 Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz
 Characteristic: Digital broadband, increased speed
 Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE
 Capacity (data rate): 144kbps – 2Mbp

Handover in UMTS
1. Intra RNC: between Node B’s or sector of same Node B’s
attached to same RNC
2. Inter RNC: between Node B’s attached to different RNC’s,
can be rerouted between RNC’s locally if link , or rerouted by
3GMSC/SGSN, if RNC’s in same service area .
3. Inter 3GMSC/SGSN between Node B’s attached to
different
4.Inter System Handoff – between Node B and BTS along
with a change of mode (WCDMA, GSM), (WCDMA, GPRS).
• Note types 1,2, and 3 can be a Soft/Softer or Hard handoff,

whereas, type 4 is always a Hard handoff .
UMTS Security
•UMTS Security Functions
• Main security elements from GSM
• Authentication of subscribers using challenge/response
• Subscriber identity confidentiality (TMSI)
• SIM card (call USIM)
• Authentication of user to USIM by use of a PIN
• Radio interface encryption
• UMTS enhancements/new features .
• Mutual authentication to protect against false base stations
• New encryption /key generation/authentication algorithms with greater security
UMTS Call Flow
4G
LTE Specification
• Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz
• Good QoS + high security
• Bandwidth: 100MHz
• Bigger battery usage
• Characteristic: High speed, all IP
• New modulation (OFDMA);
• Technology: LTE, WiFi
• Multi-path (MIMO);
• Capacity (data rate): 100Mbps – 1Gbps
• All IP
LTE Architecture
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
Serving SAE Gateway (SGW)
Packet Data Network SAE Gateway (PGW)
Policy & Charging Rule Function (PCRF)
Life Cycle of UE & Data call flow
Security
Authentication ESM information Req/Res
Attach
Bearer Setup
Signaling IP connectivity
Connection Data Transfer
Network
Acquisition
Handover/Release
UE
Call Flow
5G
100x Faster Download Speeds 100x Network Capacity
10x Decrease in Latency

Service Category in 5G Network
5G Architecture Options
Non-Standalone (SA) Standalone (SA)

5G Radio Infrastructure

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Network Architecture + Call Flow

• Analogue cellular mobile communication .

• exemple system : AMPS,TACS,NMT.

• no common interface between system.

• fails to adapt to the future digital network.

• fails to meet the large capacity.

 digital cellular mobile communication .

 example system : GSM,N-CDMA.

 fails to realize the real global roaming.

 Receiver transmitter (antenna)  Intelligent System BSS (Brain).

area (cell). mobility.

 Groups subsystems that provide network-level functions:

 Centralized network memory  Temporary memory.  Interaction with HLR to know

(Telecommunication Management Network)

 Brings together the subsystems that perform the

Security Database used to Provide remote Provides network

• On air interface GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead

Improved spectrum efficiency

 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs).

 Support for new services ( SMS)

 High-speed data transmission.

 Improved voice quality

 multiple simultaneous services

 global roaming across networks

 Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz

 Characteristic: Digital broadband, increased speed

 Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE

 Capacity (data rate): 144kbps – 2Mbp

• Note types 1,2, and 3 can be a Soft/Softer or Hard handoff,

Authentication ESM information Req/Res

100x Faster Download Speeds 100x Network Capacity

10x Decrease in Latency

Non-Standalone (SA) Standalone (SA)

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