Management in Action Social, Economic & Ethical Issues
Management in Action Social, Economic & Ethical Issues
Management in Action Social, Economic & Ethical Issues
Revolutionary.
• Application must be Collaborative and
Authoritarian.
• Doctors of Management.
Management Practices &
Outsourcing
• What is Outsourcing?
• What is being Outsourced?
• Core Expertise need to be
retained, nurtured and stretched.
Why to hire Management
Consultants
• Client require the skills of the Management
Consultants for two purposes:
• Identification of the “Problem”.
• Problem Identification(s), Achieving the
objectives and effective performance.
Why to hire Management
Consultants
• Need for fresh ideas from Entrepreneurial Perspective.
• Need for improved performance from the perspective of
Operations, Distribution and Logistics, functional areas of
Marketing, Finance, HR and IT.
• Need for Efficiency and Effectiveness.
• Need to evaluate performance.
• Need to train employees.
• Need for total turnaround.
Client’s Expectation(S)
• Independent Viewpoint
• Special Qualifications
* CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
* SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES
* TO GROW BIG.
To learn
To save money
To avoid losses
To solve problems
To improve safety
To improve image
To improve efficiency
To hire new employees
To improve performance
To increase sales and profits
To help through busy periods
To introduce, facilitate and sustain change
To open up new markets and opportunities
To comply with laws, standards and regulations
To put new systems, methods and practices into use
To confirm their ideas, concepts, plans and strategies
To facilitate transitions, mergers, takeovers and downsizing
There’s no business like consulting business…
• Define what falls within & outside the limits of legitimate research
Assumptions Methods/Procedures
Observation of
Interpretation reactions
explanation
• What is the nature of reality & what can be known about it?
• ‘How things really are’ & ‘how things really work’?
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
• What is the nature of relationship b/w the knower & the known?
• What can be known?
METHODOLOGICAL
generalizations
• Concern with process & individual rather than statistics & variables
• Crisis of representation
world
INTERPRETIVIST PERSPECTIVE
ONTOLOGY RELATIVIST
• Interactions between researcher & the researched elicit & refine data
• Researcher is central to the process of research
• Thick descriptions, stories, narratives
INTERPRETIVIST
MAJOR INFLUENCES
Verstehen
• “Empathic Understanding”
• The world of “lived experiences”
• Situation-specific meanings constitute the general object of investigation
• All of us our particular actors, in particular places, at particular times
• Uniqueness of human inquiry
• Meaning of social phenomena
• Celebrate the permanence & priority of the real world of first-person
• Useful in the context of discovery but not in the context of justification
INTERPRETIVIST SOCIAL SCIENCE
MAJOR INFLUENCES
HERMENEUTICS
CONSTRUCTION
EXPERIENCE INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETIVIST SOCIAL SCIENCE
MAJOR INFLUENCES
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
• Human beings act towards their environments on the basis of their meanings
• Builds on the concept of self, language, social setting, culture, joint act
forces
• Critique conditions & implies a plan of change & provide vision of future
QUALITATIVE METHODS
• PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
• INTERVIEW
• FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
• CASE STUDIES
• TEXTUAL MATERIAL: Autobiographical accounts, document analysis
DATA ANALYSIS APPROACHES
• GROUNDED THEORY
• NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
• THEMATIC ANALYSIS
• DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
• CONTENT ANALYSIS
• CONVRSATION ANALYSIS
• ETHNOGRAPHY
ROLE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER
ENTERING
FIELD
REPRESENTING DATA
DATA GENERATION
DATA
ANALYSIS
ROLE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER
• Reliability • Dependability
• Objectivity • Confirmability
FEW ANSWERS…
ART OF REFLEXIVITY
• “Disciplined self-reflection”
• Making the process of data production & analysis explicit
• Experience of doing research is critically evaluated throughout
• Maintaining reflexive journal/memo taking
• Knowing who you are
Personal
• Your individuality as a researcher
Reflexivity • Influence of personal interests/biases on research
REPRESENTATION
• Representation doesn’t mean ‘writing up’ the findings after the study
TRUSTWORTHINESS
• Encompass efforts to reduce or make explicit sources of bias
• Increase the investigators’ & readers’ exposure to the phenomenon
• Provide thick descriptions
• Disclosure of the researcher’s orientation
• Intensive & prolonged engagement with the material
• Persistent observation
• Triangulation
• Discussion of findings with others
• Iterative cycling b/w observation & interpretation or b/w “dialogue & text”
• Responsible search for negative instances
• Seeking consensus through peer briefing
FEW ANSWERS…
THEORETICAL
SENSITIVITY
• “Virtual” organizations,
• Organizational rigidity permanent flexibility
20TH Century 21st Century
Structural Capital (+ / -)
•It is expensive
•Desired results are not guaranteed
•It may create bad vibes amongst employees
•Projects and issues may blow up out of all proportions
How do Consultants charge for their services?
• Action plans show progress with implementation of the job and the
impact obtained.
• The measure is linked to other measures for which the costs are
easily developed.
Recommended Consulting Costs
• The Cost of initial analysis and assessment, possibly
prorated over the expected life of the intervention.
• The cost of developing solutions.
• The cost of acquiring solutions.
• The cost of application and implementation of the
intervention.
• The cost of maintenance and monitoring
• The cost of evaluation and reporting
• The costs of administration and overhead for the
consulting intervention, allocated in some convenient way
Consulting Benefits
BCR = _______________
Consulting Costs
Sometimes the ratio is stated as a cost-benefit ratio,
although the formula is the same as BCR. The
return on investment uses the net benefits divided
by consulting costs. The net benefits are the
consulting benefits minus the costs. In formula
form, the ROI becomes.
Net Consulting benefits
ROI%= _________________ X 100
Consulting Costs
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