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    King George V School Chemistry Department Ib Revision Standard Level Topic 3: Periodicity 2011

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    Jeremy Edjan
    This document provides information on periodicity and bonding for a chemistry revision topic. [1] It discusses how across a period, the shielding effect stays the same but nuclear charge increases, pulling valence electrons closer and decreasing atomic radius. [2] Down a group, the number of electron shells increases, so the shielding effect is greater while the nuclear charge is further away, decreasing its pull on electrons and increasing atomic radius. [3] It also explains different types of bonding - metallic bonding with delocalized electrons in a lattice, covalent bonding forming tetrahedral structures, and van der Waals forces between molecules.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    King George V School Chemistry Department Ib Revision Standard Level Topic 3: Periodicity 2011

    Uploaded by

    Jeremy Edjan
    29 views24 pages
    This document provides information on periodicity and bonding for a chemistry revision topic. [1] It discusses how across a period, the shielding effect stays the same but nuclear charge increases, pulling valence electrons closer and decreasing atomic radius. [2] Down a group, the number of electron shells increases, so the shielding effect is greater while the nuclear charge is further away, decreasing its pull on electrons and increasing atomic radius. [3] It also explains different types of bonding - metallic bonding with delocalized electrons in a lattice, covalent bonding forming tetrahedral structures, and van der Waals forces between molecules.

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    Revision_periodicity SL

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    This document provides information on periodicity and bonding for a chemistry revision topic. [1] It discusses how across a period, the shielding effect stays the same but nuclear charge increases, pulling valence electrons closer and decreasing atomic radius. [2] Down a group, the number of electron shells increases, so the shielding effect is greater while the nuclear charge is further away, decreasing its pull on electrons and increasing atomic radius. [3] It also explains different types of bonding - metallic bonding with delocalized electrons in a lattice, covalent bonding forming tetrahedral structures, and van der Waals forces between molecules.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    29 views24 pages

    King George V School Chemistry Department Ib Revision Standard Level Topic 3: Periodicity 2011

    Uploaded by

    Jeremy Edjan
    This document provides information on periodicity and bonding for a chemistry revision topic. [1] It discusses how across a period, the shielding effect stays the same but nuclear charge increases, pulling valence electrons closer and decreasing atomic radius. [2] Down a group, the number of electron shells increases, so the shielding effect is greater while the nuclear charge is further away, decreasing its pull on electrons and increasing atomic radius. [3] It also explains different types of bonding - metallic bonding with delocalized electrons in a lattice, covalent bonding forming tetrahedral structures, and van der Waals forces between molecules.

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    KING GEORGE V SCHOOL

    CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
    IB REVISION
    STANDARD LEVEL
    TOPIC 3: PERIODICITY 2011
    • SHIELDING EFFECT
    Electron on inner shells
    Cancel out protons

    • NUCLEAR CHARGE
    More protons in the
    nucleus attract the
    Electrons more
    strongly

    • DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS


    Across a period the shielding effect
    STAYS THE SAME and nuclear charge
    INCREASES. This pulls the valence
    electrons closer to the nucleus
    DECREASING the atomic radius.
    Down a group the number of shells
    increases. Shielding effect increases.
    Nuclear charge increases but is further
    away, overall decreasing the pull
    towards nucleus.
    INCREASING the atomic radius.
    Down a group the number of
    shells increases.
    Shielding effect increases.
    Nuclear charge increases but is
    further away, overall decreasing
    the pull towards nucleus.

    INCREASING the atomic radius.


    • SHIELDING EFFECT
    Electron on inner shells
    Cancel out protons

    • NUCLEAR CHARGE
    More protons in the
    nucleus attract the
    Electrons more
    strongly

    • DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS


    Metallic Bonding
    Valence electrons are delocalised throughout the structure.

    They are attracted to the positive metal ion left behind.

    Forms a tightly packed lattice with each ion attracted to many


    electrons at one time. It is a strong attractive FORCE to
    overcome so melting and boiling points will be HIGH.
    INCREASE IN CHARGE DENSITY

    • The nuclei of the atoms are getting more


    positively charged.

    • The "sea” of electrons is getting more negatively


    charged.

    • The "sea“ of electrons is getting progressively


    nearer to the nuclei (as the more positive
    nucleus pulls the other shells in closer) and so
    more strongly attracted.
    Covalent Bonding – tetrahedral structure
    Silicon is MACROMOLECULAR. Each
    silicon atom is tetrahedrally bonded to
    4 other silicons by a covalent bond. A
    lot of energy is needed to break all
    these bonds – high melting and boiling
    points.
    Van der Waals – simple molecules
    The molecules in these structures are
    NOT bonded together but weakly held
    together by van der waals forces.
    These are instantaneous attractions
    between the electrons and nucleus’ of
    different atoms.
    • The more atoms in a molecule the
    stronger the Van der Waals attraction –
    as there are more electrons in the
    molecule. S8, P4, Cl2

    • Argon comes in single atoms – chance of


    Van der Waals attraction is very small.
    Answer these
    questions on
    A3 paper.
    What are the 3 things
    you MUST INCLUDE
    in a question about
    trends in ionisation
    energy or atomic
    radius?
    Complete this table using arrows!
    Across a Down a
    Period Group
    Nuclear Charge/ No.
    of protons
    Shielding Effect

    Distance from nucleus

    Ionisation Energy
    Which element in the periodic
    table would you expect to
    have the

    - BIGGEST ionisation energy


    - SMALLEST ionisation energy

    Why?
    Draw a Sodium atom and a
    Sodium ion.

    Which is going to be smaller


    and WHY (3 marks).
    Match name to picture to description

    A: Covalent X : Instantaneous
    Bonding dipole
    attraction –
    1 very weak

    B: Van der Y: Strong attraction


    Waals Forces 2 between ion and
    delocalised electrons

    3 Z : Strong bond
    between atoms
    C: Metallic
    by sharing
    Bonding electrons
    Why does aluminium have a
    higher melting point than
    sodium?

    Why does silicon have the


    highest melting point?

    Why does Sulphur have a higher


    melting point than Chlorine?
    Make sure you have completed the
    revision questions booklet you were
    given.
    Good luck on Monday!

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