Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier  Butler  MARRIEB

Chapter
5
Skeletal System

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1
7.1: Introduction

• Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes

• Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage
• By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened growth
ceases
• 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
• 80 bones of the axial skeleton
• 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton

4
 Support, Protection,
and Movement
• Support, Movement & Protection
• Gives shape to head, etc.
• Supports body’s weight
• Protects lungs, etc.
• Bones and muscles interact
• When limbs or body parts move

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 Parts of a Long Bone
• Epiphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Epiphyseal plates
• Distal Articular cartilage

• Proximal Spongy bone

Proximal
epiphysis

• Diaphysis Space containing

red marrow

• Metaphysis
Endosteum
• Compact bone Compact bone

• Spongy bone Medullary cavity

Yellow marrow
• Articular cartilage
Periosteum Diaphysis
• Periosteum
• Endosteum

• Medullary cavity
• Trabeculae
• Bone marrow Distal

• Red marrow and yellow marrow epiphysis

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Femur
 Microscopic Structure

• Bone cells are called osteocytes

• Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes

• The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and

inorganic salts
• Collagen gives bone resilience
• Inorganic salts make bone hard

57
 Compact Bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Osteon
Osteon
aka Haversian System

t
c
ne pa
Central canal

bo om
containing blood
• Central canal

C
Endosteum
vessels and nerves

• Perforating canal aka

ne gy
bo pon
Periosteum

S
Volkmann’s canal Nerve

• Osteocytes Blood Pores

Central
vessels canal
• Lamellae Perforating
canal
• Lacunae Compact Nerve
bone
• Bone matrix Blood
vessels

• Canaliculi
Nerve
Trabeculae

Bone matrix

Canaliculus

Osteocyte

Lacuna
(space)

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 Spongy Bone
• Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone
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Spongy
bone

Compact
bone

(a)
Remnant of Spongy bone Compact bone
epiphyseal plate
(b)

Spongy Compact
(c) 59
bone bone
a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
7.3: Bone Development
and Growth

• Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the

first few weeks of prenatal development

• Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two

ways:
• As intramembranous bones
• As endchondral bones

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 Intramembranous Bones
• Intramembranous Bones
• These bones originate within sheetlike layers of
connective tissues
• They are the broad, flat bones
• Skull bones (except mandible)
• Are known as intramembranous bones

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 Endochondral Bones

• Endochondral Bones
• Bones begin as hyaline cartilage
• Form models for future bones
• These are most bones of the skeleton
• Are known as endochondral bones

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 Endochondral Ossification
• Hyaline cartilage model • Epiphyseal plate
• Primary ossification center • Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
• Secondary ossification centers

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Articular
Remnants of cartilage
Secondary epiphyseal
ossification plates
Cartilaginous Developing Compact bone center
model periosteum developing Spongy
bone
Epiphyseal
plates

Blood
Medullary Medullary Medullary
vessel
cavity cavity cavity
Compact
bone
Remnant of
Epiphyseal epiphyseal
Calcified Primary plate plate
cartilage ossification Secondary Spongy
center ossification bone
center Articular
cartilage
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
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Animation:
Bone Growth in Width

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 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
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• First layer of cells Bone tissue

of epiphysis
• Closest to the end of
epiphysis 1 Zone of
resting
cartilage

• Resting cells 2 Zone of

proliferating

• Anchors epiphyseal plate cartilage

3 Zone of

to epiphysis hypertrophic
cartilage

• Second layer of cells 4 Zone of

calcified
cartilage
• Many rows of young Ossified

cells
bone of
diaphysis

• Undergoing mitosis

(a) (b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Third layer of cells Bone tissue

• Older cells of epiphysis

• Left behind when new 1 Zone of

resting

cells appear cartilage

2 Zone of

• Cells enlarging and proliferating

cartilage

becoming calcified 3 Zone of

hypertrophic
cartilage

• Fourth layer of cells 4 Zone of

calcified

• Thin cartilage

Ossified
• Dead cells bone of
diaphysis

• Calcified
extracellular matrix

(a) (b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
• Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka
parathormone aka PTH
• Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin
• Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
•Figure 7.13 page 205

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Developing
medullary
cavity

Osteoclast

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© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
 Factors Affecting Bone
Development, Growth and Repair
• Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development
• Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones
• Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia
• Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism
• Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly
• Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth
• Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
• Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth

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7.1 Clinical Application

Fractures
Page 202

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 Blood Cell Formation

• Blood Cell Formation

• Also known as hematopoiesis
• Occurs in the red bone marrow

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 Inorganic Salt Storage
• Inorganic Salt Storage
• Calcium
• Phosphate
• Magnesium
• Sodium
• Potassium

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7.2 Clinical Application

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis:

Preventing “Fragility Fractures”
Page 204

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• thank you

end