Lecture 1 and 2

Basic Concepts
Computer Organiaztion and Assembly
Language
 Lecturer

CS2032– Computer Organization and Assembly Language

Khawaja Ubaid ur Rehman
Computer Science Department
Lecturer: UMT Lahore
Email: ubaid.rehman@umt.edu.pk
MS in Software Engineering
Area of research: Pattern Recognition & Image Processing

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 Instructor’s Background
 Educational Background and Achievements
 MS-Software Engineering (MS-SE), UMT Lahore
 BS-Computer Science (BS-CS), UMT Lahore
 Awarded three times Dean’s Merit Award
 Awarded Rector’s Medal Award at 11th Convocation of UMT Lahore from Prof.
Ahsan Iqbal and honorable Rector Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad
 Awarded Silver Medal Award at 11th Convocation of UMT Lahore by honorable
Rector Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad
 Awarded Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan award of Entrepreneurship and Innovation from
US General Consul Lahore Zachary Harkenrider and honorable Rector UMT Lahore
Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad in recognition of my publication in international conference
IVCNZ IEEE endorsed at 11th Convocation of UMT Lahore.
 Red Hat Certified Network Administrator

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 Instructor’s Background
Recent Publications:
 Android Based Interactive Learning application for the Kids in
International Conference on Innovative Computing.
 A comparative analysis of Distributed and Parallel Computing in
VFAST Journal of SE
 A comparative analysis of Traditional and Cloud Data
Warehouse in VFAST Journal of CS
 Algorithms for Data cleaning in Knowledge bases in VFAST
Journal of SE

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 Students
 Answer these questions (Not graded!)
1. Your name and city?
2. Your favorite subject which you have studied so far?
3. Your favorite teacher from which you have studied?
4. Total Marks in F.SC/ICS (optional)?

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 Course Page
 Moodle (http://lms.umt.edu.pk/)
 Search course (Computer Organization and Assembly Language
or Khawaja Ubaid ur Rehman)
 SST - School of Systems and Technology - Undergraduate
courses – Spring 2020
 All the announcements related to quiz, assignments, Mid and
final term etc. will be on Moodle.

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 Textbook
 Textbook
 Assembly Language Programming and Organization
Of The IBM Pc by Yatha Yu.
 Reference books
 The Intel Microprocessors by Barry b. Brey
 Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computer by Kip
R.Irvin

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 Grading Policy(tentative)
Instrument Description Weight
Assignments Assigned during important stages of 10%
the course to apply and practice the
learnt concepts

Quizzes In-class (un)announced or may be 10%

announced quizzes 15 to 20 minutes
tests
Lab Compulsory for all students to attend 20%
all labs and pass the lab
Project Compulsory for all students to make 10%
project covering all the knowledge
.learned throughout the course
Mid-Term Exam A single 75-minute exam from the 20%
material covered during the first 6-7
weeks
Final Exam Will cover the entire course. At least 30%
80% of the topics would be from post
.mid term
Late Submission Policy: Late submissions not allowed

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 Classroom Policy
1. Maintain teacher and student respect decorum.
2. Behavior is very important. Be obedient.
3. Attendance is very important, 85% is required, 100% is recommended. Be
regular and be punctual.
4. Do not come late in the class. Late comers attendance will not be marked
as online attendance is closed.
5. Avoid to use mobile phones during lecture. Keep your mobiles switch off
or in silent mode.
6. It is your responsibility not to delete your assignment on Moodle even after
its submission.
7. Quizzes can be announced or unannounced. 1 quiz can be dropped out of
5 or 6 quizzes. No retake for missed quizzes.
8. *The plagiarism(copy/paste) and cheating cases would be reported to the
Disciplinary Committee.
9. *Only 6 absentees are allowed in any course. On 7th absentee you will be
marked Short Attendance (SA).
10. Moodle will be the resource sharing medium, keep checking the Moodle
page and your emails regularly.

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 Goals and Required Background
 Goals: broaden student’s interest and knowledge in …
 Basic organization of a computer system
 Intel IA-16 and IA-32 processor architecture
 How to write assembly language programs
 How high-level languages translate into assembly language
 Interaction between the assembly language programs, libraries,
the operating system, and the hardware
 How interrupts, system calls, and handlers work
 Required Background
 The student should already be able to program confidently in at
least one high-level programming language, such as Java or C.

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 Computer Circuit Parts
 Functionally Computer Circuit consists of three parts:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 I/O devices
 In a microcomputer CPU is a single chip processor
called microprocessor.
 CPU is a brain of computer it controls all the operations.
 It uses memory circuits to store information and I/O
circuits to communicate with I/O devices.

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 System board
 Inside the system unit is a main circuit board called
system board, which contains the microprocessor and
memory circuits. The system board is also called a
motherboard.

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 Memory
 There are two kinds of memory
 RAM it a volatile memory which loses its contents
when computer is turned off.
 ROM it a non-volatile memory which does not loses
its contents when the computer is turned off.

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 Overview of RAM
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also called
direct access memory.
 RAM is used to store data and instructions temporarily.
 A program must be loaded into RAM before execution.
 RAM is a volatile memory. It means that its contents are lost
when the power is turned off.
 RAM is read/write memory.
 CPU can read from data from RAM and write data to RAM
 It is used to store data and instructions while it is being
executed.
 RAM is also called main memory or primary storage.

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 Overview of ROM
 ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The instructions in ROM
prepare the computer for use. These instructions can be read
but cannot be changed or deleted.
 It is not possible to write new information or instructions into
the ROM.
 ROM stores data and instructions permanently. When the
power is switched off the instructions stored in ROM are not
lost. Therefore, ROM is called non volatile memory.
 The information in ROM is stored by the manufacturer. When
the computer is switched on, the instructions in the ROM are
automatically loaded into the memory of the computer. The
ROM based programs are known as firmware. They are
responsible for loading start up programs as well as for self
testing of computer when it is turned on.
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 Cache Memory
 A cache is a small and very fast memory. It is designed to speed up
the transfer of data and instructions.
 It is located close to CPU chip. It is more expensive and faster than
RAM.
 The data and instructions that are most recently or frequently used
the CPU are stored in cache.
 The data and instructions are retrieved from RAM when CPU uses
them for the first time. A copy of data or instructions is stored in
cache. The next time the CPU needs that data or instruction, it looks
in cache. If the required data is found there it is retrieved from cache
memory instead of main memory. It speeds up the working of CPU.

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 Cache Memory

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 Byte and Words
 Information processed by the computer is stored in its
memory.
 A memory circuit element can store one bit of data.
 However, the memory circuits are usually organized into
groups that can store eight bits of data
 A string of eight bits is called as byte.
 Each memory byte or memory circuit is identified by a
number that is called its address.

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 Address and Contents
 The first memory byte has address 0.
 The data stored in memory byte are called its contents.

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 Difference between Address and Contents

Address Contents
Address of memory byte is The contents of memory
fixed. It is different from the byte are not unique. They
address of any other are subject to change
memory byte in memory because they denote the
.data currently being stored
The number of bits in an Contents of a memory byte
address depends on are always eight bits
.processor

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 Byte and Word
 In a typical microcomputer, two bytes form a word. As
we know that 1 byte = 8 bits, So, 2 byte = 16 bits

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 Buses
 A processor communicates with memory and l/O devices
by using signals that travel along a set of wires or
connections called buses.
 These buses connect different components of computer.
There are three kinds of buses:
 Data bus
 Address bus
 Control bus

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 Address, Data and Control Bus
 To inform memory whether processor wants to read or
write – control bus
 To inform memory the precise element processor is
interested in – address bus
 To transfer the data element from memory to processor
– data bus

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 Basic Computer Organization
 Since the 1940's, computers have 3 classic components:
 Processor, called also the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory and Storage Devices
 I/O Devices
 Interconnected with one or more buses
 Bus consists of
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus

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 Processor (CPU)
 Processor consists of
 Datapath
 ALU
 Registers
 Control unit
 ALU
 Performs arithmetic
and logic instructions
 Control unit (CU)
 Generates the control signals required to execute instructions
 Implementation varies from one processor to another

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 A Hierarchy of Languages

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 Assembly and Machine Language
 Machine language
 Native to a processor: executed directly by hardware
 Instructions consist of binary code: 1s and 0s
 Assembly language
 A programming language that uses symbolic names to represent
operations, registers and memory locations.
 Slightly higher-level language
 Readability of instructions is better than machine language
 One-to-one correspondence with machine language instructions
 Assemblers translate assembly to machine code
 Compilers translate high-level programs to machine code
 via an assembler

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 Why we need to study Assembly language?
 Better/deep understanding of software and hardware
 Optimization of processing time while converting code
from high level language to machine language.
 We can access and use registers using this language.
 Assembly language can communicate better than a high-
level.
 In assembly language, we can directly read pointers at a
physical address which is not possible in high-level
 Working with bits is easier in assembly language.

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 Why we need to study Assembly language?
 The executable code of high-level language is larger
than assembly language code so it takes a longer time to
execute.
 Due to long executable code, high-level programs are
less space efficient than assembly language programs.
 The most high-level language code is first automatically
converted into assembly code.
 Course requirement 

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 What’s the difference between Microprocessor
and Microcontroller

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 Microcontroller

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 Microprocessor

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 Microcontroller

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Basic Concepts Computer Organization and Assembly Language
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 Microprocessor

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 Microcontroller

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 Processor

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 Summary

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 What is Computer Architecture?
 Computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that
describe the functionality, organization, and
implementation of computer systems.

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