Normal Non - Fluency, Primary Stuttering and Secondary Stuttering

NORMAL NON – FLUENCY,
PRIMARY STUTTERING AND

SECONDARY STUTTERING
PRESENTED BY – Kartik Kumar Pandit

INTRODUCTION
A most important Characteristics of good speech is
fluency.
Children also swing back and forth in the degree of

their dysfluency . Some days they are more fluent
and other day they are less fluent.
It may be associated with lg. development, motor

control or other developmental or environmental
influencies.
DEFINITION
Many children below the age of 2-6yrs may
engage in periods of disfluent speech.
When they are excited, tired or aprensive with

the lack of fluencies, this is called NNF.
SHEEHAN and MARTIN(1967) study shows

80% of children achieve normal fluent without
intervention.
CAUSES
 Hereditary (research is going on) high cognitive
skill.
 Language delay.
 Incompatibility between speech production and

language ability.
ONSET :
Children between the age of 2-4yrs(NELSON,1985)
Approximately between 16 month 4yrs.

(STARKWEATHER,1987)
 It occurs more in boys than girls.

CHARACTERISTICS
 Hyperactivity.
 May have misarticulation of sound.
 No secondary behavior.
 May display non-fluencies as soon as
they begin to combining words.
 Repetations and pauses are very less
common.
Duration of prolongation would be less than 1
sec..
In this vocal tension will not be present not

effortless. Schwa vowel will be present in their
syllable repetition.
Sound prolongation even if present can occur in

the final syllable of those word.
Less than 5% of the words are repeated.
Speech of repetation would be the same usual

speaking rate.
Repetation & prolongation when they occur, can

occur any sound on syllable , there is on specific.
WHAT HAPPENS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 2-
7YRS ?
o Disfluency occurs in single syllable, whole word
repetation, phrase repetation, revisions, pauses,
interjections.
o Children will not exhibit frustration or anxiety
when speaking disfluetly.
o Normal disfluency occur when children learns to
talk or retining motor skills.
• Changes in childs environment can cause NNF.
• Disfluency in childs speech reflect attempts to
cope with increasing linguistic demand.
• Research has shown that more NNF occur when
children use complex lg. structure in opposed to
simple lg. structure.
• Disfluency tends to decrease as the childs lg.
skill improves.
FACTORS AFFECTING NNF
Demands of language acquisition.
Lagging speech motor control skills.
Daily pressure of competition and excitement
while speaking.
Interpersonal stress associated with growing up
in typical family.
DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AS
A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON FLUENCY
Disfluency tends to occur more at the beginning
of synntactic units.
(BERNSTEIN,1981)
When the length or complexity of utterance
increases.
(DELEY & GREGORY,1973)
• This finding suggest that disfluency is greatest
when a child is busy in planning complex lg.
structures & at the same time as he is planning,
begin to procedure them, put a heavy load on
cerebral resource.
SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL
• Between the ages of 2-5yrs,most children begin
to produce almost all the segmental &
suprasegmental & targets of their native
language, increase their speech rate.
• WENDELL JOHNSON (1956) insist that

stuttering behaviors & normal disfluencies differ
only in degree.
• Increase in normal disfluency are seen during
periods of excitement such as holidays, vacations
& visits by relative.
• Almost always begins in early childhood & in

many cases disfluency is preweded by a period
when speech is fluent.
PRIMARY STUTTERING
• People present with a primary stuttering use
speech marked by easy rhythmical
repetition and prolongation of sounds
syllables of words.
• Seen in most children at or near onset.
• Consists of effortless repetitions and

prolonged articulatory posture aware of
their speech.
• This describes the condition in a young child
prior to being aware of their speech.
• There is no anxiety associated with this stage.
• Awareness of speech is related to age and

cognitive development and therefore, children at
this stage are usually between 4 – 6 years of age.
Disfluencies or the core behaviours in
Primary stuttering are categorized by -
• Repetition –
i. Part word repetition – ex- “what t-t-t time is it ?”
ii. Whole word repetitions – ex- “what-what-what
are you doing ?”
iii. Phrase repetition – ex- “I want to – I want to – I
want to do it.”
• Prolongations –
i. Sound syllable prolongation – “lllllet me do it.”
ii. Silent prolongation – a struggling attempt to say
a word when there is no sound.”
• Interjections –
i. Sound syllable interjection – “um…..um I had
a problem this morning.”
ii. Whole word interjection – “ I had a ‘well’
problem this morning.”
iii. Phrase interjection – “I had a ‘you know’
problem this morning”.
• Silent pauses – A silent duration within a

speech considered abnormal.
ex.- I was going to the …..(PAUSE)… store.
• Broken words – a silent pause within a word.
ex.- “it was won…(PAUSE)… derful.”
• Incomplete phrases – Grammatically

incomplete utterances.
ex.- “ I don’t know how to ……. Lets go, guys.”
• Revisions – Changed words, ideas.

ex.- “I thought I will write a letter card”.
SECONDARY STUTTERING
• People who exhibit a secondary stuttering use speech
characteristics by tense, hesitation or stumbling in
uttering words with an awareness that this way of talking
is abnormal and constitutes a difficulty; speech
interruptions plus struggle and accessory behaviors, plus
fear and avoidance reactions.
a) Physical issues : - Facial grimaces, Poor eye contact, Head

movement, Rapid eye blinks, Movement of extremities.
b) Psychological issues :
- Stress - Nervousness
- Anxiety - Hesitations
- Avoidances - Low self esteem

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NORMAL NON – FLUENCY,

PRIMARY STUTTERING AND

PRESENTED BY – Kartik Kumar Pandit

Children also swing back and forth in the degree of

It may be associated with lg. development, motor

When they are excited, tired or aprensive with

SHEEHAN and MARTIN(1967) study shows

 Incompatibility between speech production and

Children between the age of 2-4yrs(NELSON,1985)

Approximately between 16 month 4yrs.

 It occurs more in boys than girls.

In this vocal tension will not be present not

Sound prolongation even if present can occur in

Speech of repetation would be the same usual

Repetation & prolongation when they occur, can

• WENDELL JOHNSON (1956) insist that

• Almost always begins in early childhood & in

• Seen in most children at or near onset.

• Consists of effortless repetitions and

• There is no anxiety associated with this stage.

• Awareness of speech is related to age and

• Silent pauses – A silent duration within a

• Incomplete phrases – Grammatically

• Revisions – Changed words, ideas.

a) Physical issues : - Facial grimaces, Poor eye contact, Head

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