Bioethical Problems of Abortion and New Reproductive Technologies

Bioethical problems of abortion
and new reproductive technologies

What is abortion?
• Abortion is an artificial termination of
pregnancy.
• Abortion is the voluntary ending of a

pregnancy.
• Abortion involves removing a fetus from its

mother’s womb through chemical or physical
means.
What is abortion?
• Abortion is the medical term for ending a
pregnancy by various means before the natural
term. It is the loss of a pregnancy.
Methods of safe abortion
• 1) Medical abortion, where medication is
used to end a pregnancy.
• 2) Surgical abortion, involving a medical

procedure performed by a trained professional.
Embryo and fetus
• Embryo – unborn human being between a few
days after conception until the end of the
eighth week.
• After the eighth week of pregnancy and until

birth, a developing baby is called a fetus.
Safe and unsafe abortion
• Abortion is safe when it is performed by a
trained doctor under sanitary conditions in the
case of surgical abortion.
• Unsafe abortion is a procedure for

terminating pregnancy performed by persons
lacking the necessary skills or in an
environment that does not conform to minimal
medical standards.
Unsafe abortions
• Almost all unsafe abortions take place in
developing countries.
• Almost 70 000 women die each year from

unsafe abortion. Each year, an estimated 25
million unsafe abortions happen.
Unsafe abortions
• According to the World Health

Organization, complications during
pregnancy and childbirth are the second most
common cause of death among 15 to 19 year-
old girls.
• 3 million girls aged 15 to 19 have unsafe
abortions every year.
The legal status of abortion
• Almost all countries (95%) allow abortion to be
performed to save the life of the pregnant woman.
• 50% of countries allow abortion upon diagnosis of
fetal disability.
• 30% of countries allow abortion upon request of the
pregnant woman.
• Laws and policies that prevent access to abortion do

not reduce the rate of abortion: instead, they often
increase the number of unsafe abortions.
50 million abortions
1. According to World Health Organization,
every year in the world there are an
estimated 50 million abortions. This
corresponds to approximately 125,000
abortions per day.
2. More than 1.5 BILLION babies have been
aborted worldwide in the past 50 years.
3. Approximately 90% of Down syndrome
babies are aborted worldwide.
4. Every two seconds a baby is aborted.
Arguments in favor of abortion
• 1) women have a moral right to decide
what to do with their bodies.
• 2) a fetus exists inside a woman's body.
• 3) abortion where a pregnancy is the result
of a crime.
• 4) in some case it may be ethical for a
mother to have an abortion to defend
herself from the danger to her health.
Arguments against abortion
• 1) A fetus is a human being.
• 2) The killing of human beings is
prohibited.
• 3) human life begins at conception,
therefore killing the fetus is wrong.
• 4) a fetus has a right to life.
Ukraine
• In Ukraine abortion “on request” is made in

the term of no more than 12 weeks of
pregnancy.
What Is Artificial Insemination?
• Available data indicate that at least 50 million
couples worldwide experience infertility.
• Artificial insemination is a technique that can

help treat certain kinds of infertility in both
men and women.
• it makes pregnancy possible where it wasn't

before.
In vitro fertilization
In vitro fertilization
• IVF is a laboratory procedure in which sperm

and egg are fertilized outside the body.
• In vitro fertilization, also called test-tube

conception, medical procedure in which egg
cells are removed from a woman, fertilized
with male sperm outside the body.
first “test-tube baby”
• Louise Brown was born in the

U.K. on July 25, 1978. Known
as the first “test-tube baby”
she was a product of IVF, a
process where an egg is
fertilized by sperm outside of
the body before being
implanted into the womb.
The world's oldest mother
• The world's oldest mother is believed to be
Omkari Panwar, from India, who had a twin
boy and girl in 2008.
• She has given birth at the age of 70.
• In 2008, Omkari Panwar and her husband had

twins in India after undergoing IVF treatment.
The Youngest Mother in Medical
History
• In 1939 (in Peru), a healthy young girl named Lina
Medina gave birth to an equally healthy baby boy.
The only noteworthy detail about this event was the
mother's age: She was five years old.
Surrogate motherhood
Surrogate motherhood
• Surrogate motherhood, practice in which a
woman (the surrogate mother) becomes
pregnant and gives birth to a baby in order to
give it to someone who cannot have children.
• A surrogate mother is a woman who has
agreed to give birth to a baby on behalf of
another woman.
• The surrogate is the woman who chooses to
carry a baby for intended parents. She is
usually between the ages of 21 and 35.
Types of Surrogacy
• 1) Commercial surrogacy – surrogate
receives a base compensation for her services.
Commercial surrogate parenting arrangements
involve monetary payments to the surrogate.
• 2) In an altruistic surrogacy she does not
receive any base compensation. The surrogate
does not want monetary compensation for her
gestational services.
In most countries of the world,
surrogacy is not legal
• Countries such as France, Germany, Italy, Spain,
Portugal and Bulgaria prohibit all forms of
surrogacy.
• In countries including the UK, Ireland, Denmark and
Belgium, surrogacy is allowed where the surrogate
mother is not paid (Altruistic surrogacy).
• Commercial surrogacy is legal in some US states,
and countries including India, Russia, Ukraine,
Thailand, Mexico, Nepal, Poland, Nigeria and
Georgia.
• 1) Is abortion morally wrong?
• 2) Should abortion be legal or illegal?
• 3) Is a fetus a human being?
• 4) Why a lot of countries made abortion
legal?

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Bioethical problems of abortion

and new reproductive technologies

• Abortion is the voluntary ending of a

• Abortion involves removing a fetus from its

• 2) Surgical abortion, involving a medical

• After the eighth week of pregnancy and until

• Unsafe abortion is a procedure for

• Almost 70 000 women die each year from

• According to the World Health

• Laws and policies that prevent access to abortion do

• In Ukraine abortion “on request” is made in

• Artificial insemination is a technique that can

• it makes pregnancy possible where it wasn't

• IVF is a laboratory procedure in which sperm

• In vitro fertilization, also called test-tube

• Louise Brown was born in the

• In 2008, Omkari Panwar and her husband had

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