Unit 16: Historical places

Language focus
I. PRONUNCIATION:
Which underlined part is pronounced /ʃ /
and which is pronounced /ʒ/ in the
following words?
prevision, machine, treasure, share, patient
information, special, vision, usual, leisure
 Unit 16 Historical places
Language focus

I. PRONUNCIATION: Rules
* sh, ch : /ʃ/ shop, machine
* C + ie, ia, io, iu : /ʃ/ social, ancient
* consonant+ s + u, io, ia: /ʃ/ ensure, mission
* Vowel + s + u, io, ia: /ʒ/ division, Asia
Listen and repeat:
Practise reading the sentences.
 I. Pronunciation
1. Listen and repeat.
/ʒ/ /∫/
television shop
pleasure machine
measure Swedish
Asia washing
illusion English
massage special
 I. Pronunciation
2. Practise these sentences
1. It’s his pleasure to visit Asia.
/ʒ/ /ʒ/
2. You shouldn’t have any illusions about television.
/∫/ /ʒ/ /ʒ/

3. A massage can be a good measure to help you relax.

4. Does this shop
/ʒ/ sell washing machines?
/ʒ/

5. Is he English/∫/ or Swedish? /∫/ /∫/

6. Is there anything special on TV tonight?

/∫/ /∫/

/∫/
Comparatives &
Superlatives
ADJECTIVES (Comparative &
Superlative)

Compare 3 or more
Compare 2 objects objects
 Comparatives
 Comparison of a quality between
two people or things
e.g.

John  Cindy is short. She

Cindy
is shorter than John.

 John is tall. He is

taller than Cindy.

Comparatives: Short adjectives
Short adjectives ... Spelling rules Examples

Usually + er slow  slower

fast  faster
tall  taller

Ending in -e + r large  larger

nice  nicer
Ending in a consonant –y  -i hungry  hungrier
+ y happy  happier
+ er funny  funnier

Ending in a vowel double the big  bigger

consonant + er fat  fatter
+ a consonant fit  fitter
Now you try.

e.g. empty  emptier

1 hot  hotter
2 fit  3 fitter
long  4 longer
weak  5 weaker
ugly  6 uglier
slow  slower
7 heavy  8 heavier
large  larger
 Comparatives
 Comparatives are used in sentences with than.

Peter taller Mary.

Henry heavier Simon.

is than
Jim fitter Henry.

An apple smaller a melon.

 Remember 

verb comparative (adjective + er) than

 Comparatives

elephant

large  small

bird

 The elephant is larger than the bird.

 The bird is smaller than the elephant.
Practice

pear: small  big

ham: thin  thick

e.g.The boy’s pear is smaller than the girl’s.

1 The girl’s pear is bigger than the boy’s.

2 The girl’s ham is thicker than the boy’s.

3 The boy’s ham is thinner than the girl’s.
Comparatives: Long adjectives
 Use the word more to make the
comparative form.
Long adjectives Examples
Most two-syllable
adjectives which do not Mary is more polite than
end in -y Cindy.
Tom is more helpful than
Peter.
All adjectives of three
syllables or more Candy is more hard-working
than Maggie.
Joe is more good-looking
than Tom.
Comparatives: Long adjectives

tiger

panda
friendly  fierce

 The panda looks more friendly than the tiger.

 The tiger looks more fierce than the panda.
Now you try.
e.g. helpful  more helpful
busy  busier

1 polite  more polite

2 careful  more careful
3 naughty  naughtier
4 beautiful  more beautiful
5 hard-working  more hard-working
6 good-looking  more good-looking
Practice
large  small
1 A hippo is larger than a rabbit.
2 A rabbit is smaller than a hippo .
polite

3 Mary is eating quietly. Beeno is eating noisily.

Mary is more polite than Beeno.

heavy  light
4 Ann is 33 kg. Ben is 35 kg.
Ann is lighter than Ben.
Ben is heavier than Ann.
Practice
helpful
5 Sally always helps at home. Charlie never helps
at home. Sally is more helpful than Charlie.

tall  short
6 Ann is 150 cm. Ben is 137 cm.
Ann is taller than Ben.
Ben is shorter than Ann.

happy
7 Tom is laughing. Betty is crying.
Tom is happier than Betty.
Superlatives
 Comparison of a quality among
three or more people / things
watermelon
pineapple
melon

hea
v y

ligh
2 kg 15 kg 7 kg t

 The watermelon is the heaviest fruit.

 The pineapple is the lightest fruit.
Superlatives: Short adjectives
 Always use the before superlatives.

The elephant the biggest animal in the jungle.

The shark is the largest fish in the sea.

The giraffe the tallest animal in the world.

 Remember 

the superlative (adjective + est) noun

Superlatives: Short adjectives
Short adjectives Spelling rules Examples
slow  the slowest
Usually + est fast  the fastest
tall  the tallest
large  the largest
Ending in -e + st
nice  the nicest

–y  -i hungry  the hungriest

Ending in a consonant
happy  the happiest
+ y
+ est funny  the funniest

Ending in a vowel double the big  the biggest

consonant + est fat  the fattest
+ a consonant
fit  the fittest
Now you try.
e.g. dry  the driest
young  the youngest

1 big  the biggest

2 busy  the busiest
3 fine  the finest
4 kind  the kindest
5 high  the highest
6 funny  the funniest
 Superlatives: Long adjectives
 Use the + most before long adjectives
to make the superlative form.

n ut e l on
o m
go coc
man
expensive

$ 5 $ 10 $ 30

 The melon is the most expensive fruit.

Superlatives
Tom Candy

Joe

cheerful  unhappy

 Tom is the most cheerful child.

 Joe is the most unhappy child.
Comparatives & Superlatives
 Some adjectives have special forms.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better the best
bad worse the worst
e.g.
Cherry
Pauline is a good student.
Mary is a better student than her.
Cherry is the best student in her class.
Now you try.

e.g. big bigger  the biggest

fat  fatter  the fattest

1 hot  hotter  the hottest

2 long  longer  the longest
3 short  shorter  the shortest
4 heavy  heavier  the heaviest
5 strong  stronger  the strongest
6 hungry  hungrier  the hungriest
 Now you try.

7 bad  worse  the worst

8 good  better  the best

9 polite  more polite  the most polite

10 hard-working  more hard-  the most

working hard-working

11 helpful  more helpful  the most helpful

more  the most

12 beautiful  beautiful
beautiful
Practice
Maggie
1 Maggie is the tallest girl
in class. (tall)

2 Timmy is stronger than

Bob. (strong)
Bob is weaker than
Timmy. (weak)
Timmy Bob
Practice
3 The suitcase is handbag
more expensive
than the handbag. 50
$ 3
(expensive) e
a s
tc
The handbag is sui
cheaper than the suitcase. (cheap)

4 The pineapple is
the most expensive fruit.
(expensive)
$ 5 $ 10 $ 20
The strawberry is the
cheapest
fruit. (cheap)
Practice
good
5 Ann has 90 marks. Pam has 95 marks. Alice
has 100 marks.
Ann is a good student.
Pam is a better student.
Alice is the best student in her class.

heavy  light
6 Ann is 33 kg. Ben is 35 kg. Mary is 30 kg.
Ben is the heaviest child.
Mary is the lightest child.
 Exercise 2. Put the words in the correct order to make
sentences or questions.
• E.g: 1. family / the / am /my / in / I / oldest
I am the oldest in my family.
2. Sister / me / my / than / younger / is
My sister is younger than me.
3. class / Who / oldest / the / the / in/ is /?
Who is the oldest in the class?
4. passenger / plane / used to be / Concord / world / fastest / the / in / the
Concord used to be the fastest passenger plane in the world.
5. book / interesting / than / my / your / more / is / book
Your book is more interesting than my book.
6. bought / expensive / shop / the / in / watch / most / Peter / the
Peter bought the most expensive watch in the shop.
7. cheapest / buy / you /shop / in / the / the / did /watch?
Did you buy the cheapest watch in the shop?
8. difficult / German / English / is / than / more / much
German is much more difficult than English.
9. weather / better / today / than / much / is / yesterday / the
The weather today is much better than yesterday.
 Exercise 3. Look at carefully at each line. Some of the lines are
correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Put a tick (√)
for each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there,
write the wors in the space.
Transport solutions.
First of all, walking is obviously the cheapest √
means of travelling, and can be the quicker the
in a city centre. Of course, the further you have 1. √
to go, the more so tired you will become. 2. so
In some ways walking is more healthier than 3. more
travelling by bus or car, but it can be just as the 4. the
unhealthy because cities are the much more 5. the
polluted than they used to be. Cars are faster 6. √
of course and more than convenient, but as cities 7. than
become more of crowded, parking is getting 8. of
harder. Sometimes public transport is better, 9. √
even though buses don’t go as fast as cars do it. 10. it
Cars are a lot more and convenient but as they 11. and
cause most pollution, it is the better to avoid 12. the
using them if possible. In a city the fastest way 13. √
of travelling is on a bike, which keeps you fitter 14. √
and is not so that noisy as a motorbike or a car. 15 that
Do exercises in workbook, and do test yourself F
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(a) She’s taller than her husband (is).

(b) She’s taller than he is.
(c) She’s taller than him.
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(a) She’s taller than her husband (is).

(b) She’s taller than he is.

formal English than subject pronoun

(c) She’s taller than him.

informal English than object pronoun
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(d) She studies more than he does.

(e) She got a better exam grade than he did.
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(d) She studies more than he does.

(e) She got a better grade than he did.

than + subject auxiliary verb

 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(f) His hair is curlier than hers.

(g) Her hair is longer than his.
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

(f) His hair is curlier than Kate’s

(g) Her hair is longer than his.

than possessive pronoun

 9-4 LET’S PRACTICE

Mr. Poulos can carry heavy boxes. I can’t.

He is much stronger than ____.
I am (formal)
 9-4 LET’S PRACTICE

Mr. Poulos can carry heavy boxes. I can’t.

He is much stronger than I am. (formal)

Mr. Poulos can carry heavy boxes. I can’t.

He is much stronger than ____.
me (informal)
 9-4 LET’S PRACTICE

Mr. Poulos can carry heavy boxes. I can’t.

His arms are stronger than _____
mine are.
9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

Mr. Poulos is very strong.

 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

(a) My car is very old.

(b) They walk very slowly on icy sidewalks.

very adjectives

very adverbs
 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

(c) INCORRECT: My car is very older than yours.

INCORRECT: They walk very more slowly
on icy sidewalks at night.

very comparative adjectives

very comparative adverbs

 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

(d) Erina is much smarter than I am.

Erina is a lot smarter than I am.
Erina is far smarter than I am.

(e) Dan reads much faster than he used to.

Dan reads a lot faster than he used to.
Dan reads far faster than he used to.

much, a lot, far comparative adjectives

comparative adverbs
 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

(f) Jake reads a little bit faster than I do.

Jake reads a little bit faster than me. (informal)

another common modifier

 9-5 LET’S PRACTICE

Trees are _____

much more colorful very
much
in the spring than in the winter.
 9-5 LET’S PRACTICE

The weather is ____

a lot warmer very
a lot
in the spring than in the winter.
 9-5 LET’S PRACTICE

very
The weather can be ____ very
far
warm in the spring.