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    L-1 Chapter-16 Physics-10 Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc. Physics.

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    Mushtaq Ahmed
    This document discusses basic electronics concepts including thermionic emission, the discovery of electrons, and investigating the properties of electrons. Thermionic emission is the process where electrons are emitted from hot metal surfaces. Experiments in the 1850s led to the discovery that cathode rays carry a negative charge, which were named electrons. An electron gun is used to investigate electron properties by producing an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerating the electrons with a high positive potential, and observing how the beam is deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

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    L-1 Chapter-16 Physics-10 Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc. Physics.

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    Mushtaq Ahmed
    166 views24 pages
    This document discusses basic electronics concepts including thermionic emission, the discovery of electrons, and investigating the properties of electrons. Thermionic emission is the process where electrons are emitted from hot metal surfaces. Experiments in the 1850s led to the discovery that cathode rays carry a negative charge, which were named electrons. An electron gun is used to investigate electron properties by producing an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerating the electrons with a high positive potential, and observing how the beam is deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

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    L-1 chapter-16 Physics-10 Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc. physics.

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    This document discusses basic electronics concepts including thermionic emission, the discovery of electrons, and investigating the properties of electrons. Thermionic emission is the process where electrons are emitted from hot metal surfaces. Experiments in the 1850s led to the discovery that cathode rays carry a negative charge, which were named electrons. An electron gun is used to investigate electron properties by producing an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerating the electrons with a high positive potential, and observing how the beam is deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    166 views24 pages

    L-1 Chapter-16 Physics-10 Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc. Physics.

    Uploaded by

    Mushtaq Ahmed
    This document discusses basic electronics concepts including thermionic emission, the discovery of electrons, and investigating the properties of electrons. Thermionic emission is the process where electrons are emitted from hot metal surfaces. Experiments in the 1850s led to the discovery that cathode rays carry a negative charge, which were named electrons. An electron gun is used to investigate electron properties by producing an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerating the electrons with a high positive potential, and observing how the beam is deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

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    Basic electronics

    chapter-16
    Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc. Physics
    Electronics
    Electronics is that branch of applied physics
    which deals with the control of motion of
    electrons using different devices.
    THERMIONIC EMISSION

    The process of emission of electrons


    from the hot metal surfaces is called
    thermionic emission.
    Process
    1. Metals contain a large number of free electrons.
    2. At room temperature electrons cannot escape the
    metal surface due to attractive forces of the atomic
    nucleus
    3. If the metal is heated to a high temperature, some
    of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to
    escape the metal surface.
    1. Thermionic emission can also be produced by
    electrically heating a fine tungsten filament.
    2. Typical values of the voltage and current used are
    6 V and 0.3 A respectively.
    Discovery of electron
    1. In the 1850's, physicists started to examine the passage
    of electricity through a vacuum by putting two
    electrodes in a sealed vacuum tube.
    2. Some kind of rays were emitted from the cathode or the
    negative electrode.
    3. These rays were called cathode rays.
    4. J.J. Thomson in 1897 observed the deflection of cathode
    rays by both electric and magnetic fields.
    5. From these deflection experiments, he concluded that
    cathode rays must carry a negative charge.
    6. These negatively charged particles were given the name
    electrons.
    Investigating the properties of Electrons
    1. An electron gun is used to investigate the properties of
    electron beam.
    2. The electrons are produced by thermionic emission from a
    tungsten filament heated by 6 V supply.
    3. A high positive potential (several thousands) is applied to a
    cylindrical anode (+).
    4. The electrons are accelerated to a high speed and pass
    through the hole of the anode in the form of a fine beam of
    electrons. The whole set up is fitted in an evacuated glass
    bulb.
    Deflection of electrons by electric field
    1. We can set up electric field by applying a potential difference
    across two parallel metal plates placed horizontally separated by
    some distance.
    2. When an electron beam passes between the two plates, it can be
    seen that the electrons are deflected towards the positive plate .
    3. The reason for this is that electrons are attracted by the positive
    charges and are repelled by the negative charges due to force
    F=qE, where ‘q’ is the electronic charge and E is the electric field
    due to plates.
    4. The degree of deflection of electrons from their original direction
    is proportional to the strength of the electric field applied.
    Deflection of electrons by magnetic field
    1. we apply magnetic field at right angle to the beam
    of electrons by using a horseshoe magnet
    2. We will notice that the spot of the electrons beam
    on the screen is getting deflected from its original
    direction.
    3. Now change the direction of the horseshoe
    magnet.
    4. We will see that spot on the fluorescent screen is
    getting deflected in the opposite direction.
    What do you mean by analogue electronics?
    Ans: Electronics can be classified into two main branches:
    analogue electronics and digital electronics. In practical
    application, a combination of both branches is often utilized.
    Analogue quantities Those quantities whose values vary
    continuously or remain constant are known as analogue
    quantities. For example, the temperature of the air in the
    atmosphere is continuously changing during day and night. The
    branch of electronics consisting of such circuits, which
    processes analogue quantities, is called analogue electronics.
    Digital electronics:
    The branch of electronics, which provides the data in the form of
    a maximum and minimum voltage signals, is known as digital
    electronics. In this type of data, the changes are not continuous.
    In fact, one part of the data quite distinct from the other part of
    the data. Modern telephone system, radar system, naval and other
    communication system of military importance is using digital
    electronics

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