Cone Penetration Test & Standard Penetration Test: Based On

Based on:
 Cone Penetration Test &

 Standard Penetration Test
PROGRAM DIPLOMA 3
TEKNIK SIPIL
 Schmertmann
 de Ruiter and Beringen
 Bustamante and Gianeselli (LCPC/LCP)
 Tumay and Fakhroo
 Aoki and De Alencar
 Price and Wardle
 Philipponnat
 Penpile method
Two well-known approaches:
(1) Direct approach in which
●The unit tip bearing capacity of the pile (qp) is evaluated from
the cone tip resistance (qc) profile.
●The unit skin friction of the pile (f) is evaluated from either the
sleeve friction (fs) profile or the cone tip resistance (qc) profile.
(2) Indirect approach: in which the CPT data (qc and fs) are first
used to evaluate the soil strength parameters such as the un-
drained shear strength (Su) and the angle of internal friction ().
using formulas derived based on semi-empirical/theoretical
methods. (Not recomended)
CPT Design Apporach
CPT Data
qc, fs, and FR
Direct Approach Indirect Approach
Used CPT data to evaluate soil

- Tip bearing is based on qc stregth parameters ( and Su)
-Skin Frictin are based on qc
or fs
Using formulas derived based
on semi-empirical/theoretical
methods (Static Methods)
Schmertmann Method
Qu = Qp + Qs = qpAp + f As
qc1  qc2
qp  f = c fs
2
qc1 = the minimum of the average cone tip resistances of

zones ranging from 0.7D to 4D below the pile tip
qc2 = the average of minimum cone tip resistances over
a distance 8D above the pile tip
Soil Type as a Function of Friction Ratio
(Begemann, 1965)
SOIL TYPES FRICTION RATIO

Coarse sand with gravel through fine sand 1.2 % - 1.6 %
Silty sand 1.6 % - 2.2 %
Silty sandy clayey soils 2.2 % - 3.2 %
Clay and loam, and loam soils 3.2 % - 4.1 %
Clay 4.1 % - 7.0 %
Peat >7 %
After Fellenius, B. H., and Eslami, A.

Cone Resistance (kg/cm2) qc1 = Average qc over a distance of
yD below the pile tip (path a-b-c).
Sum qc values in both the
downward (path a-b) and upward
(path b-c) directions. Use actual qc
values along path a-b and the
minimum path rule along path b-c.
Compute qc1 for y values from 0.7
Depth (m)
and 4.0 and use the minimum qc1

values obtained.
qc2 = Average qc over a distance of

8D above the pile tip (path c-e).
Use the minimum path rule as for
path b-c in the qc1 computations.
Ignore any minor 'x' peak
depressions if in sand, but include
in minimum path if in clay.
Penetration design curves for pile side
friction in clay in Schmertmann method
Penetrometer to Pile Friction Ratio fs (c)
1.40
1.20
Concrete & Timber

1.00 Piles
Steel Piles
0.80
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

0.602.00
Penetrometer Sleeve Friction – fs (kg/cm2)

0.40
For piles in sand, the friction capacity (Qs)
is obtained by:
where :
s = the correction factor for sand, which can
be obtained from figure 5
y = the depth at which side resistance is
calculated
L = the pile length
Schmertmann suggested a limit of 1.2 TSF
(120 kPa) on f.
The correction  factor for sand
Bustamante and Gianeselli Method
(LCPC/LCP Method)
In this method, both the unit tip bearing capacity (qp)

and the unit skin friction (f) of the pile are obtained
from the cone tip resistance (qc) . The sleeve friction
(fs) is not used.
The unit tip bearing capacity of the pile (qp) is predicted
from the following equation:
Where:
kb = empirical bearing capacity factor that varies from 0.15 to
0.60 depending on the soil type and pile installation procedure
(table 1)
Tabel 1. LCPC bearing capacity factor (kb )
Soil Type Bored Piles Driven Piles

Clay - Silt 0.375 0.600
Sand-Gravel 0.150 0.375
Chalk 0.200 0.400
qeq(tip) = the equivalent average cone tip resistance around the
pile tip, which is obtained as follows:
1. Calculate the average tip resistance (qca) at the tip of

the pile by averaging qc values over a zone ranging
from 1.5D below the pile tip to 1.5D above the pile
2. Eliminate qc values in the zone that are higher than
1.3qca and those are lower than 0.7qca as shown in
figure 6, and
3. Calculate the equivalent average cone tip resistance
qeq(tip) by averaging the remaining cone tip resistance
(qc) values over the same zone (bordered by thick lines
in figure 6)
D qca
1.5D
1.5D
Depth
The pile unit skin friction (f) in each soil layer is estimated from the
equivalent cone tip resistance (qeq(side)) of the soil layer, soil
type, pile type, and installation procedure. The following
procedure explains how to determine the unit skin friction (f):
1.Based on the pile type, select the pile category from table 2 (for
example, pile category is 9 for square PPC piles),
2.For each soil layer, select the appropriate curve number (tables
3 and 4) based on soil type, equivalent cone tip resistance along
the soil layer qeq(side), and pile category, use table 3 for clay and silt
and table 4 for sand and gravel,
3.From figure 7, use the selected curve number and the
equivalent cone tip resistance qeq(side) to obtain the maximum unit
skin friction (f), use figure 7a for clay and silt and figure 7b for
sand and gravel.
Maximum friction curves for LCPC method
CLAY - SILT
SAND - GRAVEL
Example
• The CPT data shown on the next slide
represent the soil condition at a proposed
construction sites.
• Compute the allowable load capacity of an 18
inch (457mm) square, 34 ft (10.36m) long
prestressed concrete pile that is to be driven
into this soil.
Sand
D = 0.457
Clay
10.36 3D Sand
Calculation
• Distance range to calculate qca
1.5 x D = 1.5 x 0.457 = 0.6855 = 0.69
Top limit = 10.36 – 0.69 = 9.67
Botom limit = 10.36 + 0.69 = 11.05
• Compute qca for the soil between the depths

= 107+102+109+115+105+108+99/7
= 106,4 kg/cm2
.........................continued
• For driven piles on sands per Table
kc = 0.375
• qc’ = qca kc = (106.4)(0.375) = 39.9 kg/cm2
• Area (A) = (45.7)2 = 2088.5 cm2

Skin Friction
Depth (m) Soil qc Curve fs As Qs

Type (kg/cm2) No. (lb/ft2)/TSF (ft2)/(cm2) (k)/(kg)
0 - 4.5 Sand 27.4 2 1000/50 88.6 88.6
4.5 – 7.9 Clay 6.5 1 100 66.9 6.7
7.9 – 10.36 San 89.5 2 1000 48.4 72.8
Total 167.9
Single Pile Capacity
(Standard Penetration Test)
General review of SPT:
N value = the blow count for the last 300 mm penetration
N value should be corrected to N60 and N’60 by using the
following formulas:
N value N60 N’60

Testing prosedures Overburden correction
Skempton (1986)
N60 = (EmCBCS CRN)/0.60 testing procedure correction
For practical use in Indonesia:

Em = 0.50, CB = 1.0, CS = 1.0, and CR = 0.75 to 1.00
Efficiencies  Borehole Sampling Methods Rod length factor
CR correction
3 – 4 meter : 0.75
4 – 6 meter : 0.85
6 – 10 meter : 0.95
 10 meter : 1.00
Overburden correction
For normally consolidated fine sands:

CN = 2 / (1 + ’v/r)
For normally consolidated coarse sands:
CN = 3 / (2 + ’v/r)
For overconsolidated sands:
CN = 1.7 / (0.7 + ’v/r)
Single Pile Capacity
(Standard Penetration Test)
Meyerhof (1976)
Formulas for unit end bearing resistance
For sands and gravels:
qp = 0.40 N’60 D/B r ≤ 4.0 N’60 r Where: r = 100 kPa
(reference stress)
For nonplastic silts:

qp = 0.40 N’60 D/B r ≤ 3.0 N’60 r
N value within the range of 1B above to 2B below the pile
tip (B = pile diameter)
Continued . . . . .
Formulas for unit skin friction resistance

For large displacement piles:
fs = r /50 N60 = 2.N60
For small displacement piles :

fs = r /100 N60 = N60
N value within the whole length of piles (average

area method is recommended)
Briaud et al (1985)
unit end bearing resistance
qp = 19.70 r (N60)0.36
unit skin friction

fs = 0.224 r (N60)0.29
Example:
Depth (m)
2B

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Based on:

 Cone Penetration Test &

Direct Approach Indirect Approach

Used CPT data to evaluate soil

qc1 = the minimum of the average cone tip resistances of

SOIL TYPES FRICTION RATIO

After Fellenius, B. H., and Eslami, A.

and 4.0 and use the minimum qc1

qc2 = Average qc over a distance of

Concrete & Timber

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

Penetrometer Sleeve Friction – fs (kg/cm2)

In this method, both the unit tip bearing capacity (qp)

Tabel 1. LCPC bearing capacity factor (kb )

Soil Type Bored Piles Driven Piles

1. Calculate the average tip resistance (qca) at the tip of

• Compute qca for the soil between the depths

• qc’ = qca kc = (106.4)(0.375) = 39.9 kg/cm2

• Area (A) = (45.7)2 = 2088.5 cm2

Depth (m) Soil qc Curve fs As Qs

N value N60 N’60

For practical use in Indonesia:

Efficiencies  Borehole Sampling Methods Rod length factor

For normally consolidated fine sands:

For nonplastic silts:

Formulas for unit skin friction resistance

For small displacement piles :

N value within the whole length of piles (average

unit skin friction

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