Module. Teaching Approaches, Methods and Strategies

Teacher –centered
Approach Teacher centered

approaches are more
traditional in nature,
focusing on the teacher
as instructor. They are
sometimes referred to as
direct instruction,
deductive teaching or
expository teaching, and
are typified by the
lecture type
presentation.
Child centered approach
Student centered
approaches (sometimes
referred to as discovery
learning, inductive
learning, or inquiry
learning) place a much
stronger emphasis on
the learner’s role in the
learning process.
Inductive and Deductive
approach
In inductive approach
students moves towards
specified (example) to
general (rules). At first many
examples are put forward to
student and then he draws
out a conclusion on the
basis of these examples.
Deductive approach is
opposite to inductive
approach because in it first
a principle or rule is put in
front of students
and then it is clarified by
giving examples.
Herbartian approach
He advocated that teaching
should be planned actively if
we intend to make it. This
approach is based on
appreciative mass theory of
learning. Therefore, he gives
more emphasis of teacher
presentation. The
proposition of that theory is
that the learner is like a
clean slate and all the
knowledge is given from
outside.
Evaluation Approach or Bloom’s
Approach
The concept of evaluation approach is given
by B.S.Bloom. His main emphasis was that
testing should be based on teaching and both
these activities should be objectives centered.
Under this approach yearly plan and unit plan are
prepared. It has three
main steps:

a) Formulating Educational Objectives
b) Creating Learning Experiences
c) Evaluating the Change behavior

Methods: It is the term of pedagogy; main focus is
on effective presentation of subject matter to
have mastery over it. It is step by step scientific
way of presenting the subject matter. It is overall
plan for systematic presentation based on a
selected approach means method is the practical
realization of an approach through a procedure in
a system. Teaching method is what kind of
activity we use in order to teach.
The term method covers both strategy

and techniques of teaching. Different strategies may be
adopted in following a method. It is wider term. Method
is related to the nature of content of a subject to be
taught. Teaching method is a style of presentation of
content in classroom.
There are two main types of teaching method which are non-participatory
method and participatory method.

1. Non-Participatory method: In these type of methods teacher casts
himself/herself in the role of being a master of the subject matter. The
teacher is looked upon by the learners as an expert or an authority. Learners
on the other hand are presumed to be passive and copious recipients of
knowledge from the teacher. Examples of such methods are lecture method
and demonstration method.

2. Participatory methods: This refers to the way in which teachers and
students are in
constant interaction, active involvement and continuous exchange of views
and ideas in the overall teaching and learning. These methods are
sometimes known as interactive teaching method or learner centered
teaching method. It is a shift from a belief that learners are empty plate who
are supposed to be imparted with knowledge to a belief that learners can
construct knowledge and learn on their own if properly guided. They are
designed only for smaller groups of participants, but their advantage is that
they encourage better retention of learned. They are contemporary modern
methods of education. Examples of such methods are discussion method,
question answer method, project method, problem solving method etc.
Strategy:- The term strategy has been borrowed from military science.
According Encyclopedia Strategy is the science or art of planning and
directing large military movements and operations. It refers to the
pattern of acts that serve to attain certain outcomes.
Strategy is that skill full planning of a working system by which the

objectives can be achieved easily. Strategy changes according to the
changing situation. Teaching strategy is the means to achieve learning
objectives. According to E. Stones and S. Morris teaching strategy is a
generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, desired learner
behavior in terms of goals of instruction and an outline of planned
tactics necessary to implement the strategy. For Example:

1. Blackboard is a strategy to provide visual structure during a lecture or
discussion.
2. Free writing is a strategy for encouraging students to explore ideas in
writing.
3. Debate is a teaching strategy in which students organize planned
presentation for various view
points.
Difference between Approach, Method and Strategies:- All these have the
same objectives i.e. bringing desirable changes in the behavior of learner.
However, they differ in certain aspects.
Types of Teaching
Approaches and Method
Pedagogical Approach
As discussed, and assert by Anne

Lan K. Candelaria, Ph.D.
Department of Political Science of
Ateneo de Manila University.
Section 5 (e) of RA 10533 “The
curriculum shall use pedagogical
approaches such as
constructivism, inquiry-based,
reflective, collaborative, and
integrative.” The aim of Social
Studies 10 for example is not only
to answer the question: “Who are
we?”
More importantly, AP 10 aims to
immerse ourselves (you and your
students) in the process of finding
out who we are and what we want
to become based on shared
experiences of contemporary
issues.
1. Experiential learning (praxis) as the core pedagogical
approach. Why? Because political knowledge is best
acquired, retained and deepened when it impacts people’s
personal and communal lives – often leading to
involvement in public affairs.
2. Constructivism
We construct meaning based on prior knowledge
and experience
Meaning-making
Learning is social
Learning as active
We understand the world through experiencing
things and reflecting on those experience.
Meaning-making: we generate new knowledge by
making sense of our world.
Learning is social – it is not detached from one’s
environment and culture, it does not happen in a
vacuum, we learn from each other.
We are therefore active participants in the learning
process.
1.Approaches that promote constructivism:
Integrative teaching – cutting across disciplinal
lines (interdisciplinary)
and learning styles
Reflective – stepping back and analyze
their experience to improve future
learning
Collaborative – not only among students
but more importantly between
students, teachers, and
their respective community
Inquiry-based – raising questions, posing
problems or scenarios and let
student discover the
answer.

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Teacher –centered

Approach Teacher centered

The term method covers both strategy

Strategy is that skill full planning of a working system by which the

As discussed, and assert by Anne

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