Scribd
Upload
128 views

Methods of Philosophizing Lesson 2. For Teaching

The document discusses various methods of philosophizing, including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, and the analytic tradition. It also covers logic, critical thinking, and identifying fallacies. The overall objectives are to distinguish opinions from truth, apply theories of critical thinking to make strong decisions, and realize that philosophical methods lead to rational thinking and wisdom.

Uploaded by

Donna Dorado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
128 views

Methods of Philosophizing Lesson 2. For Teaching

The document discusses various methods of philosophizing, including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, and the analytic tradition. It also covers logic, critical thinking, and identifying fallacies. The overall objectives are to distinguish opinions from truth, apply theories of critical thinking to make strong decisions, and realize that philosophical methods lead to rational thinking and wisdom.

Uploaded by

Donna Dorado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
LESSON 2
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Analyze situations that shows the difference between opinion
and truth.
3. Realize that the methods of philosophy leads to rational
thinking, wisdom, and truth.
4. Evaluate opinions; and
5. Apply the theories of critical thinking in making strong and
valid decisions.
Methods of Philosophizing
◦This section shall introduce methods or ways of
looking at truth and what will be considered as
mere “opinions”.

◦PHILOSOPHIZING – is to think or express oneself in


a rational and logical manner.
Methods of Philosophizing
A. Phenomenology: On Consciousness
B. Existentialism: On Freedom
C. Postmodernism: On Cultures
D. Analytic Tradition
E. Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning
F. Fallacies
UNDESTANDING
PHENOMENOLOGY
VIDEO
Phenomenology: On Consciousness
◦ Edmund Husserl (1905)founded phenomenology, which is essentially a
philosophical method.
◦ Phenomenology focuses on careful inspection and description of
phenomena or appearances defined as any object of conscious experience.
It is also concerned with the study of phenomena that arise from the
experience of being in the world.
◦ The word “phenomenon” comes directly from Greek word
“Phainomenon” meaning “appearance”.
◦ Consciousness is the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings.
UNDERSTANDING
EXISTENTIALISM
VIDEO
Existentialism: On Freedom
◦ Soren Kierkegaard first existentialist insisted that the authentic
self was the personally-chosen self, as opposed to public or “herd”
identity which is the tendency of people to blindly follow the
crowd because it is familiar, easy and less stressful.
◦ Existentialism search for truth might be based on one’s attitude of
outlook.
◦ Often thought to be antireligious because it questions the basis and
purpose of man’s existence in the world.
UNDERSTANDING
POSTMODERNISM
Postmodernism: On Cultures
◦ “Postmodernism” has come into vogue as the name for rather
diffused family of ideas and trends that in significant respect rejects,
challenges, or aims to supersede “modernity”; the convictions,
aspirations, and pretensions of modern Western thought and culture
since the Enlightenment.
◦ It is at best of holding pattern, perhaps a cry of despair.
◦ More an attitude and a reaction to modernism which is a worldview
of order, logic, and authority based on knowledge.
ANALYTIC
TRADITION
Analytic Tradition
◦ For Ludwig Wittgenstein an analytic philosopher, language is
socially conditioned which means the meaning of words is created by
what people have agreed upon.
◦ Analytic philosophy is the conviction that some significant degree,
philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in the language
and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language
and careful attention to its working.
◦ Alfred Tarski belonged to the group of analytic
philosophers who believed that the natural languages and
their everyday use are infected with various deficiencies
which fail in processing consistency which in an essential
value for truth seeking.

◦ There is great emphasis on the role of language in truth


and logic because truth and logic can only manifest
through words and sentences.
LOGIC AND
CRITICAL
THINKING
Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning
◦ Logic is centered on the analysis and construction of arguments.
◦ In the first lesson, logic was discussed as one of the branches of
philosophy.
◦ Logic and critical thinking serve as paths to freedom from half-truths
and deceptions.
◦ Critical thinking is distinguishing facts (objective) and opinions or
personal feelings (subjective).
Also takes into consideration cultural systems, values and beliefs.
Help us, uncover bias and prejudice and open to new ideas not necessarily on
agreement with previous thought.
Types of Reasoning
◦ INDUCTIVE REASONING is based from observations in order to make
generalizations. This means from many specific examples and instances; a person can
make a general guess. This reasoning is often applied in prediction, forecasting, or
behavior.
example: Many people are holding their umbrellas, the ground is wet,
and the wind is strong probably it is raining.
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING draws conclusion from usually one board judgement or
definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.
example: All philosophers are wise. (Major premise)
Confucius is a philosopher. (Minor premise)
Therefore, Confucius is wise. (Conclusion)
FALLACIES
Fallacies
◦A Fallacy is a detect in an argument other than its
having false premises.
◦Any kind of error in reasoning that renders an
argument invalid.
◦It is required to examine the arguments content.
◦An idea that a lot of people think is true but is in
fact false.
Types Fallacies

◦ False cause. When some is incorrectly identifies the cause of


something.
◦ Straw man. When someone takes an argument and misrepresent
it so it’s easier to attack.
◦ False dilemma. A situation is presented as being an either/or
option, when is reality, there are more possible option available.
Argument
◦An argument is a claim ( called a conclusion )
supported by other claims (called premises).

◦Parts of an argument.
◦ Premise(s)
◦ One Conclusion
◦ One Inference
Some of the usually committed errors in
reasoning:
◦ Appeal to pity(Argumentum ad misericordiam). Kind of appeal to emotion in
which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his/her
opponent’s of pity or quilt.
◦ Appeal to ignorance(Argumentum ad ignorantiam). Whatever has not been
proven false must be true, and vice versa.
◦ Equivocation. This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several
times, but giving the particular word a different each time.
examples: Human beings have hands; the clock has hands.
He is drinking from the pitcher of water; he is a
baseball pitcher.
◦ Composition. This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true
of some part of the whole. Arises when an individual assumes something is true of the
whole just because it is true of some part of the whole.
Example:  If you stand up at a concert, you can usually see better. Therefore, what might
be true for one individual in the crowd is not true for the whole crowd.
• Division. One reason logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or
some of its parts. The error in logic that occurs when one reasons that something that is
true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.
Example: H2O is water which is a liquid. This means that molecules H20 are also liquids.
However, this is not the case because alone H is hydrogen and O is Oxygen. Together these
molecules form a liquid. However, taken as separate molecules both of these are gases.
◦ Against the Person ( Argumentum ad hominem). Attacking the person making
the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the person is
completely irrelevant to the argument the person is making.
Example: A: “All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn’t a murderer, and so can’t
be a criminal.”
B: “Well, you’re a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument.”
◦ Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum). Is an informal fallacy of weak
relevance. This fallacy occurs when someone implicitly or explicitly threatens the
reader/listener as a justification for accepting their conclusion.
Example: suppose a manager said to an employee, “You should choose to work more
overtime at the same rate of pay. After all, you wouldn’t want to loose your job,
would you?”
◦ Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum). This fallacy presumes that a
proposition must be true because most/many believe it to be true.
Example: Everyone drives over the speed limit, so it should not be against the
law.
(Just because a lot of people do something, it does not make it the right
thing to do.)
◦ False cause (post hoc). Occurs when the “link between premises and
conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does
not exist”.
Example: "Every time I go to sleep, the sun goes down. Therefore, my going
to sleep causes the sun to set." The two events may coincide, but have no causal
connection.
◦ Hasty generalization. Is sometimes called the over-generalization fallacy. It is basically
making a claim based on evidence that it just too small. Essentially, you can't make a claim
and say that something is true if you have only an example or two as evidence.
Example: If my brother likes to eat a lot of pizza and French fries, and he is healthy, I can say
that pizza and French fries are healthy and don't really make a person fat. However, I don't
have a large enough sample population to make this claim. I have generalized based on one
person.

◦ Begging the question (petition principii). Occurs when an argument's premises assume the
truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. In other words, you assume without proof
the stand/position, or a significant part of the stand, that is in question.
Example: “God must be real because it is said in the bible, and the bible is the word of
God”. As you can see, this fallacy assumes from the beginning that the conclusion being
argued is true.
Determining Truth from Opinion: Applying
Logic and Analyzing Fallacies
◦ Tractatus identifies the relationship between language and reality and to define the
limits of science. It is recognized as a significant philosophical work of the 20th century.
◦Double (1999) although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject
matter of philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.
Critical Thinking
Is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic
approach to questions of very general interest.

◦For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong


process of self-assessment that further consists of:
◦ Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
◦ Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
◦ Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different
problems.
Willingness to say “I don’t know.”
◦The attributes of a critical thinker
include;

Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs


 Adjusts opinion
Looks for proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information
Evaluate Opinions
◦An opinion can be a belief or judgment that rests on
grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty. It is a
personal view, attitude or appraisal or personal feelings.
Asking relevant questions -> assessing arguments or
statements -> looking for evidence assumption or
beliefs -> deciding rationally what to believe or not
important to evaluate opinions.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy