Tonicity Osmosis HyperHypoIso

Osmosis & Tonicity
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Environments
Review of Concepts
Through the process of DIFFUSION particles in a concentration
gradient will naturally spread themselves out evenly with the goal of
equilibrium.
If a concentration gradient Diffusion towards equilibrium

exists across a cell
membrane, particles will do Today, we will focus on how WATER
the same. This is called does the same thing.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT.
Tonicity
• Biologically, Tonicity is the state of a
solution in respect of osmotic
pressure.
• ???
• Basically, when defining tonicity one
would analyze and describe the
difference in solute concentration
inside and outside the cell
membrane.
• This concentration has a direct affect
on osmosis.
• We want to know this because the
solute concentration has a direct
effect on the direction water diffuses;
a.k.a. which way osmosis will occur.
Osmosis
• Just like other particles, water is free to diffuse in
and out of a cell DOWN it’s concentration gradient.
• …through the membrane if necessary…
• …or channel proteins… aquaporins
– Fitting name, right?
• Therefore, this
process, called
osmosis, is the
facilitated diffusion
of FREE water
molecules through
aquaporins across a
membrane.
What are FREE water molecules?
• Water by itself is free to move around and interact with

other water molecules. These can diffuse as well.
What are FREE water molecules?
BOUND
FREE
FREE
BOUND
BOUND
• When polar molecules, like salts, sugars, or urea (pictured here) are put
into solution some of the water becomes bound to the new molecules.
• These bound water molecules can no longer diffuse to maintain
equilibrium.
How is Equilibrium
Achieved?
MEMBRANE
PORE
Osmosis: Tonicity Terms…
• The direction of water movement in a cell depends on
the concentration of the cell’s outside environment.
• If the solution is hypertonic, or has a higher solute
concentration than the cytoplasm does, water moves
out of the cell. The cell loses water and shrinks.
• If the solution is hypotonic, or has a lower solute
concentration than the cytoplasm does, water moves
into the cell. The cell gains water and expands in size.
• If the solution is isotonic, or has the same solute
concentration that the cytoplasm does, water diffuses
into and out of the cell at equal rates. The cell stays
the same size.
how_osmosis_works.html
Osmosis/ How the Environment Changes

• When ions and polar substances
dissolve in water, they attract and
bind some water molecules. The
remaining water molecules are free
to move around.
• If a concentration gradient exists

across a membrane for solutes, a
concentration gradient also exists
across the membrane for free water
molecules.
• Osmosis occurs as free water

molecules move down their
concentration gradient into the
solution that has the lower
concentration of free water
molecules.
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic
Solutions
Another way to say it… with “Free Water
Molecules”
Fill out your charts.
Hypertonic Hypotonic
Environment has more solute. Cell has more solute
Inside has more free water. Outside has more free water.
Water leaves cell to equalize the free water. Water enters cell to equalize free water.
Cell will shrink. Cell will swell.
Isotonic
Solute is equal concentration on each side.
Free water is equal.
Water moves in and out (dynamic equilibrium) at equal rates.
Cell will stay the same size.
Label the Beakers…
• Hypertonic
• Isotonic = Normal red blood cell.
• Hypotonic
• Which is which?
Osmosis In Animal Cells
Example of Osmosis
Onion Cells in Hypotonic Solution Onion Cells in Hypertonic Solution
Cell Swells Cell Shrinks

Typically a fresh-water environment In salt water, for example
Anacharis placed in a…
• Hypotonic environment • Hypertonic environment
Practice Problem
Terminology Practice
Concept Questions
Review Extension Questions
• After we’ve covered the concept of osmosis, I
want you to review your answers to the
extension questions from the “Transport in Cells”
packet.
• Take 5 minutes and go back over your answers
and see if they make sense.
• We’ll talk quickly about each.
Extension Questions
Extension Question
Extension Question
Extension Question
Questions???
• Practice Predicting the direction of Osmosis.
• Get into groups
• One minute: Collaborate to complete practice
problem 1. (upper left) We will discuss.
– Assume the solute cannot diffuse.
– Draw arrows showing the direction water will move in
response to the environment.
– Adjust the percentages after osmosis completes.
– Label (under the beaker) if it’s a hyper/hypo/isotonic
environment.
– Will the cell shrink or swell?
• Complete the practice problems. 5 minutes.
In these examples, we
would assume that water
can go directly through
the membrane, but the
solute cannot. It’s stuck
on whatever side it’s on
(unless explicitly stated).
Draw arrows showing
which way water would
move and the relative
concentrations once the
osmosis is complete.
Remember, equilibrium is
what the goal is.
Label the tonicity on the
environment & predict if
the cell would swell,
shrink, or stay the same.
↓ ↑ ↑
HYPER HYPO HYPO
↑ ↓
ISO
HYPO HYPER
↓ ↓
ISO
HYPER HYPER
Concept Check
1. Does water diffuse? (Yes or No)
2. The direction will water move, in or out of
the cell, is based upon the…
a. Water does not diffuse.
b. Concentration of the solute inside the cell.
c. Water always diffuses into the cell.
d. Concentration gradient of FREE
free water molecules.
A B C
1. The outside of the red blood cell in picture A is said to be _______to the inside of
the cell?
a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic Hypertonic environments cause cells to shrink
c. Hypotonic
d. None of the above

2. The outside of the red blood cell in Picture C is said to be _______ to the inside of
the cell?
a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic Hypotonic environments cause cells to swell, maybe burst
d. None of the above
Membrane Structure Function Coloring
• Complete this by the quiz day.

• Use your notes to fill in the blanks to the best of
your ability.
• Sketch, draw, match, color all appropriate parts.
• 10points possible per page.
• 40points total

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Osmosis & Tonicity

If a concentration gradient Diffusion towards equilibrium

• Water by itself is free to move around and interact with

Osmosis/ How the Environment Changes

• If a concentration gradient exists

• Osmosis occurs as free water

Onion Cells in Hypotonic Solution Onion Cells in Hypertonic Solution

Cell Swells Cell Shrinks

• Complete this by the quiz day.

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