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Types of Triangulation

There are four main types of triangulation: method triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and data source triangulation. Method triangulation involves using multiple research methods, such as interviews and observations, to study a research topic. Investigator triangulation uses multiple researchers to collect and analyze the same data. Theory triangulation applies multiple theories to data analysis. Data source triangulation collects data through different sampling strategies like varying times, contexts, and people.

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146 views

Types of Triangulation

There are four main types of triangulation: method triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and data source triangulation. Method triangulation involves using multiple research methods, such as interviews and observations, to study a research topic. Investigator triangulation uses multiple researchers to collect and analyze the same data. Theory triangulation applies multiple theories to data analysis. Data source triangulation collects data through different sampling strategies like varying times, contexts, and people.

Uploaded by

Miriam Hannah Bordallo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of

Triangulation
●Method Triangulation

Four types of triangulation ●Investigator


are proposed by Denzin Triangulation
●Theory Triangulation

●Data Source
Triangulation
Norman K. Denzin, Distinguished Emeritus Research Professor of Communications, University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is the founding president of the International Association of Qualitative
Inquiry (2005–) and director of the International Center of Qualitative Inquiry (2005–). Source: Noble, H., & Heale, R. (n.d.). Research Made Simple. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from
https://ebn.bmj.com/content/ebnurs/22/3/67.full.pdf
METHOD TRIANGULATION

In the most widely-used type of


triangulation, the researcher offsets
the weaknesses of one method with
the strengths of another as a means
of improving the reliability and
validity of their research.

Source: Types of Triangulation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from


http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/SocShortcuts_methods11.pdf
METHOD TRIANGULATION

1. Within-method triangulation 2. Between-method triangulation

Bryman (2001) calls this "the use of The most common form of
varieties of the same method to triangulation involves what
investigate a research issue". Bryman terms the use of
"contrasting research methods”.
On a simple level this might involve
asking open and closed questions in the On a simple level this might
same questionnaire. involve combining a structured
interview with some form of
observational research.

Alan Bryman (1947–2017) was Professor of Organizational and Social Source: Types of Triangulation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from
Research at the University of Leicester http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/SocShortcuts_methods11.pdf
INVESTIGATOR
TRIANGULATION

happens when two or more


investigators (i.e., researchers) work
independently to gather the same data.

Source: Triangulation in Research (Statistics and Social Sciences) . (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from
https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/triangulation/
THEORY TRIANGULATION

occurs when two or more alternate


theories are called upon for calculations
and data analysis.

Theory A Theory B Theory C Theory D

Source: Triangulation in Research (Statistics and Social Sciences) . (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from
https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/triangulation/
DATA SOURCE
TRIANGULATION

This involves gathering data through differing


sampling strategies such as collecting data:

▪ at different times
▪ in different contexts
▪ from different people.

This type may also include gathering data


from both the people involved and the
researcher’s own experiences of a situation.

Source: Types of Triangulation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from


http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/SocShortcuts_methods11.pdf
-

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