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Cells and Structure

All living organisms are composed of cells, which can be unicellular or multicellular. There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells and reproduce through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells include plants, animals, fungi and protists, and have organelles and undergo mitosis or meiosis.

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131 views17 pages

Cells and Structure

All living organisms are composed of cells, which can be unicellular or multicellular. There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells and reproduce through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells include plants, animals, fungi and protists, and have organelles and undergo mitosis or meiosis.

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kayleenerika
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELLS AND STRUCTURE

SCIENCE GRADE 9
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• Living organisms are constructed of cells, and
these most basic units of life can be
unicellular (one cell) or put together into a
multi-cellular (many cells) organism.

• There are no huge cells. All are microscopic,


or very small if visible to the naked eye. Cells
size is limited because cells need to exchange
materials with their surroundings, and surface
area relative to the volume decreases as size
of cell increases.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• A short list of scientific ‘truths’ about life
called Cell Theory, goes as follows:
• All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in organisms.
• All cells come only from other cells.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• There are two primary types of cells
- Eukaryotic cells.
This type of cell has a true nucleus. The
nucleus, which contains the DNA of the
organism, is enclosed within a nuclear
membrane and therefore separated from
the other cellular structures (organelles).
• Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi
and protists.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• Eukaryotes grow and reproduce
through a process called mitosis. In
organisms that also reproduce
sexually, the reproductive cells
(gametes) are produced by a type of
cell division called meiosis.
• Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
organisms get the energy they need
to grow and maintain normal cellular
function through cellular respiration.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• Cellular respiration has three main
stages: glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle, and electron transport. In
eukaryotes, most cellular respiration
reactions take place within the
mitochondria.
• In prokaryotes, they occur in the
cytoplasm and/or within the cell
membrane.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
- Prokaryotic cells.
This cell type does not have a true nucleus. DNA in a
prokaryotic cell is not separated from the rest of the
cell, but coiled up in a region called the nucleoid.
• Bacteria , along with archaeans are prokaryotes.
Archaea are a group of microscopic organisms that
were discovered in the early 1970s. Like bacteria, they
are single-celled prokaryotes.
• Archaeans were originally thought to be bacteria until
DNA analysis showed otherwise. In fact, they are so
different that the discovery prompted scientists to
come up with a new system for classifying life.
CELLS AND STRUCTURE
• Typically, eukaryotic cells are more complex and
much larger than prokaryotic cells. On average,
prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller in
diameter than eukaryotic cells.
• Most prokaryotes are single-celled and reproduce
through a process called binary fission. During
binary fission, the single DNA molecule replicates
and the original cell is divided into two identical
daughter cells.
Clusters of halobacterium strain
NRC-1.
Prokaryote
Salmonella typhimunium
Prokaryote
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Prokaryote
E. coli Bacteria Cells
Prokaryote
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Bacterium
Paramecium
Eukaryotic single-celled
organism
Animal Cell Structure
Anatomy of an Animal Cell (Eukaryote)
Endo-membrane System
Anatomy of an Animal Cell (Eukaryote)
Plant Cell Structure
Anatomy of a Plant Cell (Eukaryote)

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