Lecture 11 Airliners

AVIATION HISTORY
Lecture 11 : Airliners
By: Zuliana Ismail,2010

Airliners
An AIRLINER is a large fixed-wing aircraft for
transporting passengers and cargo.
They are owned by AIRLINES company.
The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in
the world are Airbus and Boeing.
Cargo
 Cargo airlines also known as freighters or

freight aircraft designed for the carriage of
goods.
 Aircraft designed for cargo has several
differences with passenger aircraft.
 A ‘fat’ looking fuselage,
 High wing designed: to allow the cargo
area to sit near the ground.
Cargo
Airbus
 Airbus is one of the leading manufacturers of

aircraft in the world and supplies about half of
all the world’s jet airliners.
 Their mission is to “provide the aircraft best
suited to the markets needs and to support
these aircraft with the highest quality of
service”.
 Although Airbus’ headquarters are in France,
they also have subsidiaries in North America,
China and Japan.
Airbus types of aircraft
models include as:
 A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 > A340 > A350 >
A380
Airbus 340
Airbus 330
Airbus 380
Boeing
 Based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of

the world’s leading aerospace companies, and
the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners
and military aircraft.
 They are the major service provider to NASA
(they operate the Space Shuttle and
International Space Station).
 They are one of the largest US exporters
(provide military and commercial airline support
services to over 90 countries worldwide).
Boeing types of aircraft
models include as:
 DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 >
B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787
DC3
Quick Facts
 B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with

a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85.
(567 mph or 913 km/h).
 The largest passenger airliner in the world, the

A380
Airbus vs Boeing
What’s the differences ???

 Wing
 Nose & Main Landing Gears
 Engine
 Tail Area
USA Russia
•Boeing •Tupolev
•Lockheed Martin •Sukhoi
Airliner
Canada Brazil
•Bombardier Manufacturer •Embraer
Country of Origin
Europe
•Airbus Industries (France)
•ATR (France/Italy)
•Fokker (Netherlands)
•Saab (Sweden)
Airbus A380
Wide Body
Narrow Body
Types of
Regional
Airliners
Boeing 757
Wide-body Airliners
 The largest airliners.
 Two passenger aisles (rows), also
known as a twin-aisle aircraft.
 Used for long distance.
 Allowing a total capacity of 200 to
Wide-body: Twin Aisle
600 passengers
 Example:
 Boeing 747-767 & 777, Airbus
A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340,
Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800
passengers)
Narrow-body Airliners
 Smaller airliners
 Single aisle aircraft.
 Generally used for medium-
distance flights.
 Allowing less than 250
passengers
 Example:
 Boeing 717, 737 & 757, Airbus
Boeing 737: Single Aisle
A320 family McDonnell Douglas
DC-9 & MD-80/MD-90 series.
Regional Airliners
 Regional airliners.
 Single aisle aircraft.
 Used for short
-distance flights
 Seat fewer than 100
passengers.
 Example: Bombardier CRJ
and CRJ series and ATR
42/72
Cabin configurations and features
 Seats: Seats are designed to withstand strong

forces so as not to break or come loose from
their floor tracks during turbulence or accidents.
The backs of seats are often equipped with a
fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to
set up a portable computer, or a music or video
player.
 Overhead bins: Overhead bins are used for

stowing carry-on baggage and other items.
Cabin configurations and features
 Passenger Service Unit (PSU): located above

passenger seats. Contain a reading light, air vent,
and a flight attendant call button. Also Contain the
drop-down oxygen masks which are activated if
there is sudden drop in cabin pressure.
 Lavatories: onboard bathroom with a toilet and
sink. Approximately one lavatory for every 50
passengers.
 Galley: galley is the compartment of aircraft
where food is cooked and prepared.
Seats
 An airliner will usually have several

classes of seating: first class,
business class, and economy.
 The seats in more expensive
classes are wider, more
comfortable, and have more
amenities such as "lie flat" seats for
more comfortable sleeping on long
flights.
Interior of Business Class
 Generally, the more expensive the
class, the better the beverage and
meal service.
Where is cargo compartment inside
the aircraft?
 Airbus A300 fuselage cross-section, showing
the passenger compartment above and the
baggage area below.
Cargo bins
 Airliners must have space on

board to store baggage
 Also known as "cargo bins” or
“cargo decks”.
 These compartments can be
accessed through doors on the
outside of the aircraft.
 Baggage holds on modern
airliners are equipped with fire
detection equipment , lighting
system and also being
pressurized.
Aircraft Structure & Materials
What's the material used to

make Airplane exterior
(body)?
Materials to build an aircraft
 In the early days of flight, before WW1,

aircraft were constructed entirely of wood and
canvas.
 The beginning of WW1 brought a sudden
demand for thousands of aircraft.
 Small companies grew into major
manufacturers capable of producing many
different types of aircraft in large numbers.
 The techniques for building aircraft evolved
gradually during the years between the wars.
 Wood and canvas changed to aluminum as the

principal structural material and aircraft’s designs
also improved.
 Monoplanes (single wing aircraft) were becoming
more popular than biplanes (two wing aircraft).
 More powerful and reliable aircraft engines were
continually being developed.
 Because of the increased reliability and improved
comfort, aircraft became a more acceptable form
of passenger transport.
Uses on
Aircraft
Component
Uses on
Wing
Uses on
Fuselage
skin
Why is aluminium used for
aircraft fuselage skin?
Aluminium
 Airplanes need to be light and flexible to

perform well in flight.
 Although other materials, such as composite
compounds and wood, have been used for
aircraft skins, aluminum is the most common
and popular material for airplane skins.
What is aluminium??
 Aluminium is one type of metal which are silvery-
grey color, strong, light, and corrosion-resistant.
Why Aluminium?
 Lightweight
 High Strength
 Easy to shape into curve
 Easy to design by machine
 Corrosion resistant
 Low cost
Aluminium as aircraft fuselage
skin
1. Light Weight
 Aluminum is a light metal, especially in the thin
sheets used for aircraft skin. By using aluminum as
the skin, the overall weight of the aircraft is lower.
2. High Strength
 Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality
that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes.
3. Easy to shape into a curve
 Aluminum is easily formed into curved shapes that
are more aerodynamically sound. Aluminum is an
ideal metal for the curves of modern airplanes.
Aluminium as aircraft fuselage
skin
4. Easy to design by machine tools
 Because it is light, flexible, and easy to bend,
aluminum is easy to work. Its softness makes it easy
to shape and form by machines.
5. Corrosion Resistant
 Aluminum is more resistant to corrosion than other
metals. It reacts more slowly to air, so it will not rust
like steel or other metals.
6. Low Cost
 Because of the benefits of aluminum, it is the
cheapest material available.
What are the latest material
to build an aircraft???
Latest material to build an aircraft
 The principal material used in modern air-craft

manufacturing is aluminum.
 But the use of composite materials is rapidly
increasing.
 Composite materials are structural materials
made up of two or more contrasting
components.
 Composites enable manufacturers to build
aircraft that are lighter and stronger than
aluminum models.
Nowadays, nearly all of the exterior
surfaces are composites (ex: carbon,
fiberglass)
Why Composites?
 Superior performance when compared to

steel or aluminum.
 Reduces weight
 Reduces maintenance costs
 Reduces or eliminates corrosion
Why Composites?
 Composites replacing the frame structures

and skins with more strength and less
weight.
 Composites can be built up into special
shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done
by aluminum.
 Composite weight and strength factors can
be controlled and designed easily.
Range and Payload
Range and Payload
 What is Range???
 What is Payload???
 What is maximum range and payload for

Boeing 747 -400, Boeing 737 - 400,
Boeing 767-200, Airbus 320-200,Airbus
380????
Range and Payload
Range:
 Range refer to distance aircraft can fly on a
given amount of fuel.
 The maximum range means to fly the greatest
possible distance with available fuel.
Payload:
 Payload is the carrying capacity (load) of an
aircraft in terms of their Passengers and Cargo.
 It also means the load than can give the profits
to the airlines company.
Maximum Range and Payload for
Boeing & Airbus Aircraft
Aircraft Names Max. Max.
Range (Km) Payload(Km)
Boeing 737 - 400 4000km 62,800kg
Boeing 747 -400 13,500km 397,000kg
Boeing 767-200 5860km 136,000kg
Airbus 320-200 4800km 73,500kg
Airbus 380 14,800km 560,000kg

What types of fuel used
by aircraft?
Aircraft Fuel
 For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply
used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.
 But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for
the large and powerful engines.
 Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation
Gasoline)
 Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation
fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine
engines.
 The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’
 Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine-powered
and is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.
42
Aircraft Refueling
Aircraft Fuel Tanks
 For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the

aircraft structure that have been sealed to
allow fuel storage.
 For smaller aircraft like Cessna, they used
rigid removable tanks and may be removed
for inspection, replacement, or repair.
Airlines
 An organization that provides scheduled
flights for passengers or cargo.
 Two types:
 Full Service Carriers (FSCs)
 Low Cost Carriers (LCCs)
FSCs (Full LCCs
(Low
Service Carriers)
Cost Carriers)
Full Service Carrier (FSC)
 A Full Service Carrier is an airline that offers

high fares.
 It offers a variety of air travel classes such as
first (F), business (C) and economy (E) classes
 It provides in-flight meals, entertainment and
other complementary services.
 It services also incorporate hub and spoke
networks.
Low Cost Carrier (LCC)
 A low cost airline is an airline that offers low
fares.
 Only offers a single class.
 No other services such as seating assignment,
in-flight meals and entertainment and airport
lounges.
 They offer high frequency services on short
haul, domestic and international routes, quick
turnaround time, low costs through internet
bookings.
Malaysia Airlines Fleet Composition
Boeing 747-400 13
Boeing 777-200 17
Airbus 330-300 11
Airbus 330-200 3
Boeing 737-400 37
Fokker 50 3
Total 83
Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is embarking on fleet modernization. It has a firm order of

35 B737-800 (delivery of aircraft between 2010 and 2014). It has another time order
of 15 A330-300 (delivery between 2011 and 2014). It has optional orders for 20
B737-800 and 10 A330-300. MAS expects to receive six A380 in 2011-2012.

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AVIATION HISTORY

By: Zuliana Ismail,2010

 Cargo airlines also known as freighters or

 Airbus is one of the leading manufacturers of

 Based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of

 B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with

 The largest passenger airliner in the world, the

What’s the differences ???

 Seats: Seats are designed to withstand strong

 Overhead bins: Overhead bins are used for

 Passenger Service Unit (PSU): located above

 An airliner will usually have several

 Airliners must have space on

What's the material used to

 In the early days of flight, before WW1,

 Wood and canvas changed to aluminum as the

 Airplanes need to be light and flexible to

 The principal material used in modern air-craft

 Superior performance when compared to

 Composites replacing the frame structures

 What is maximum range and payload for

Boeing 737 - 400 4000km 62,800kg

Boeing 747 -400 13,500km 397,000kg

Boeing 767-200 5860km 136,000kg

Airbus 320-200 4800km 73,500kg

Airbus 380 14,800km 560,000kg

 For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the

 A Full Service Carrier is an airline that offers

Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is embarking on fleet modernization. It has a firm order of

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