WORD

CLASSES

Noor Suryaningsih, ST., MT.

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WORD CLASSES

– Noun (Kata Benda)

– Verb (Kata Kerja)
– Adjective (Kata Sifat)
– Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
– Pronoun (Kata Ganti)
– Preposition (Kata Depan)
– Conjunction (Kata Sambung)
– Determiner (Kata Penentu)
– Numeral (Kata Bilangan)
– Exclamation (Kata Seru)
NOUN

A noun is a word that identifies:

– a person (woman, boy, doctor, neighbor)
– a thing (dog, building, tree, country)
– an idea, quality, or state (truth, danger, birth, happiness).
Types of Noun

– Common noun
A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth,
day, happiness.

– Proper noun
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa, London,
Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.

– Concrete noun
A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen,
touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.
– Abstract noun
An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot be seen
or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship,
humor.

– Collective nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team, jury. In
American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:
– The whole family was at the table.
– In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat the
collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb:
– The whole family were at the table.
 A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common noun and
an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.
– Count and mass nouns
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable Countable nouns (or count nouns)
are those that refer to something that can be counted.
Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things that can be
counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.
 
VERB

A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs
describe:
– an action – run, hit, travel
– an event – rain, occur
– a situation – be, seem, have
– a change – become, grow, develop
The basic form of a verb is known as the  infinitive. It’s often preceded by the word ‘to’:
– Molly decided to follow him.
– He began to run back.
ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For example:
– a sweet taste
– a red apple
– a technical problem
– an Italian woman

Attributive and predicative adjectives

 
Most adjectives can be used in two positions. When they are used before the noun they describe, they are called attributive:
– a black cat
– a gloomy outlook
– a slow journey
– a large suitcase
When they are used after a verb such as be, become, grow, look, or seem, they’re called
predicative:
– The cat was black.
– The future looks gloomy.
– The journey seemed slow.
– They were growing tired.
There are some adjectives that can only be used in one position or the other. For example, these
two sentences are grammatically correct:
– ✓ She was alone that evening. [‘alone’ = predicative ]
– ✓ It was a mere scratch. [‘mere’ = attributive]
 
These sentences, on the other hand, are not correct:
– ✗ I saw an alone woman. [‘alone’ cannot be used in the attributive position]
ADVERB

An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or

other adverb:
– they sang loudly
– she’s very pretty
– he writes really well
PRONOUN

Pronouns are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is
already known, often to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
– Kate was tired so she went to bed.
– Michael took the children with him.
– Kieran’s face was close to mine.
– That is a good idea.
– Anything might happen.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things,
for example I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be
divided into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as
follows:
– subjective pronouns
– objective pronouns
– possessive pronouns
– reflexive pronoun
Subjective pronouns
The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, and they are known as subjective pronouns because
they act as the subjects of verbs:
– She saw Catherine.
– We drove Nick home.
– I waved at her.

Objective pronouns
The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns because
they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions:
– Catherine saw her.
– Nick drove us home.
– She waved at me.
Possessive pronouns
The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as possessive pronouns:
they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or something previously mentioned.
For example:
– That book is mine.
– John’s eyes met hers.
– Ours is a family farm.

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves. These are used to refer back to the subject of the clause in which they are used:
– I fell and hurt myself.
– Daisy prepared herself for the journey.
– The children had to look after themselves.
PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or
pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They
describe, for example:
the position of something:
– Her bag was under the chair.
– The dog crawled between us and lay down at our feet.
– His flat was over the shop.
the time when something happens:
– They arrived on Sunday.
– The class starts at 9 a.m.
– Shortly after their marriage they moved to Colorado.
the way in which something is done:
– We went by train.
– They stared at each other without speaking.
Some prepositions are made up of more than one word, for example:
– They moved here because of the baby.
– We sat next to each other.
– The hotel is perched on top of a cliff.
CONJUNCTION

A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if, or,
and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.
There are two main kinds of conjunction.

Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join items that are of equal importance in a sentence:
– You can have ice cream or strawberries.
– He plays football and cricket.
– The weather was cold but clear.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to the main clauses of a sentence:
– I waited at home until she arrived.
– He went to bed because he was tired.

Starting a sentence with a conjunction

You might have been taught that it’s not good English to start a sentence with a conjunction such as and or but. It’s
not grammatically incorrect to do so, however, and many respected writers use conjunctions at the start of a
sentence to create a dramatic or forceful effect. For example:
– What are the government’s chances of winning in court? And what are the consequences?
Beginning a sentence with a conjunction can also be a useful way of conveying surprise:
– And are you really going?
– But didn’t she tell you?
It’s best not to overdo it, but there is no reason for completely avoiding the use of conjunctions at the start of
sentences.
DETERMINER

A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as in a
cat, the cat, this cat, those cats, every cat, many cats).
 The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the determiner a (or an) as the
indefinite article.

Possessive determiners
Words like my, our, your, his, her, its, and their are known as possessive determiners. They come before
nouns and indicate ownership of the noun in question, as their name suggests:
– My leg hurts.
– James sold his business.
– Bring your children with you.
EXCLAMATION

An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong

emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their own,
and in writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark rather than a full
stop:
– How wonderful!
– Ow! That hurt!
Exclamations are also used to express greetings or congratulations:
– Hello!
– Well done, lads!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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