Department of Civil Engineering

Subject: Geology
Course Code :CE 231

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 PRESENTED BY :
MD. Masudul Hasan

ID: 030-17-10
Nur-a-jannat Ripa

ID: 003-18-56
MD. Abu Yousuf
Bhuiyan
ID: 030-11-23

MD. Rashed Azim Rony

ID: 030-17-11 2
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DR. HASINA IASMIN
Lecturer, Department of civil engineering
SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

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ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

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ROCK
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 ROCK
Rocks are naturally occuring
aggregates of mineral grains.

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 TYPE OF ROCK
• Rocks are classified
by
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic

– Rocks can change

from one type to
another over time
Schist

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 Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from the cooling Formed by the compaction and

and crystallization of lava cementation of sediments into
layers of rock
or magma (molten rock)
• Clastic (rock fragments)
•Intrusive or Extrusive OR
•Mafic or Felsic All rocks • Nonclastic:
• Can be composed of minerals, • Chemical
volcanic glass, organic matter, or • Organic
other materials
• Can be changed
(over geologic time) into another
type of rock
• Recycled

Metamorphic Rocks

Formed by heat and pressure

changing other rocks

•Foliated or non-foliated
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 The Rock Cycle
All rocks are in a constant (although extremely
slow) state of change due to:
• Weathering and erosion (breaks rocks into
sediments)
• Compaction and cementation (creates new
Sedimentary rocks)
• Movement of Earth’s crust (causes pressure
and heat)
• Volcanic activity (melts rocks into magma
and creates igneous rocks)

• The Rock Cycle shows how one rock type can

transform into another type of rock.
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The Rock
Cycle

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Igneous 11
 IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous rock are formed by cooling and
lithification of magma on lava.
There are first formed at very higher
temperature at a very great depth.

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 Classification of igneous rock :
• Intrusive: • Extrusive:
cooled cooled on
inside the Earth’s
Earth. exterior.
• Typically • Typically
has larger has smaller
crystals crystals
(cools (cools
slowly). quickly).

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 BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Volcanic rocks Intermediate rocks Plutonic rocks

(Extrusive rocks) (Hypabyssal rocks) (Intrusive
-Lava or Magma rocks)
flows -dykes, sills,
-Pyroclastic flows batholiths,
laccoliths etc.

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 Intrusive (plutonic)
– Form within the Earth
– Slow cooling
– Interlocking large
crystals
– Example = granite

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 Extrusive (volcanic)
– Form on the surface of the Earth as a result of
volcanic eruption
– Rapid cooling
– Glassy and/or fine-grained texture
– Example = basalt

Pumice 16
 Mode of occurrance of igneous
rock form of intrusive rock;
• Sill: When an intrusion of molten magma is made
horizontally along the bedding planes of sedimentary
rocks, the resultant intrusion is called a Sill.
• Phacolith: A lens shaped mass of igneous rock
occupying the crest of an anticline or the bottom of a
syncline & being fed by a conduit from beneath

Sill

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• Laccolith: An igneous mound with a dome shaped upper
surface & a level base, fed by a pipe like conduit from
below.
• Dikes: The magma cutting across the bending planes,
magma forced through the vertical cracks in the intruded
rocks, a wall like structure.
Laccolith

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• Batholith: A large emplacement
of igneous intrusive rock, mainly granite, that
forms from cooled magma deep in the
Earth’s crust.

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Engineering importance of igneous
rock:
• Important features of igneous rocks are following:
Granular texture
Massive structure
Relatively homogeneous composition
Some times highly altered with weather
Massive igneous rocks such as batholiths may affect
tunneling, mining slope stability. These rocks are also
used as construction material. Tabular intrusive rocks
such as dikes may create more construction problems
than massive rocks because of the lack of homogeneous
composition.

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• Extrusive rocks are found in crystalline texture. The
origin of these rocks are greatly influence their
engineering properties. Main characteristics which
influence the engineering works are followings.

Variable composition and texture.

Strength durability and permeability.
Strong unconfined compressive strength >200mpa.
Columnar Jointing.

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Sedimentary
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 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• These rocks are formed by successive deposition of sediments.
• These sediments may be the debris eroded from any previous
existing rock which may be igneous, metamorphic or old
sedimentary rocks.
• The process of successive deposition and formation of sedimentary
rocks is called as Lithification.
• Due to successive depositions, they have a layered or stratified
structure and hence are also called as Stratified Rocks

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• Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary
rocks can be classified as:
1. Mechanically formed/ Clastic Sedimentary Rocks;
They are formed by the consolidation of sediments under
excessive pressure and cementation.
Eg: Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Shale, etc.
2. Organically/ Biologically formed Sedimentary Rocks;
The consolidation of organic matters derived from plants
and animals form this type of rocks.
Eg: Coal, limestone, chalk, chert, etc.
3. Chemically formed Sedimentary Rocks;
They are formed by various chemical reactions.
Eg: Gypsum, rock salt, limestone, etc

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 Engineering important of
sedimentary rock
• LIMESTONE: A sedimentary rock, it is used mainly in the
manufacture of Portland cement, the production of lime,
manufacture of paper, petrochemicals, insecticides, linoleum,
fiberglass, glass, carpet backing and as the coating on many types
of chewing gum.
• SHALE: A sedimentary rock, well stratified in thin beds. It splits
unevenly more or less parallel to bedding plane and may contain
fossils. It can be a component of bricks and cement.
• SANDSTONE: A sedimentary rock more or less rounded. Generally
thick-bedded, varicolored, rough feel due to uneven surface
produced by breaking around the grains. Used principally for
construction, it is easy to work, the red-brown sandstone of Triassic
age, better known as "brownstone," has been used in many eastern
cities.

Limestone
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 • CONGLOMERATE: A sedimentary rock with a variable
hardness, consisted of rounded or angular rock or
mineral fragments cemented by silica, lime, iron oxide,
etc. Usually found in mostly thick, crudely stratified
layers. Used in the construction industry.
• BRECCIAS: Due to irregular hardness, they are not
used as building stone, but used for ornamental works.
• GYPSAM: Used in the manufacture of cement; plaster of
paris.
Conglomerate
gypsum

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Metamorphic

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 METAMORPHIC ROCK
• The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’.
• Hence, these rocks form under the action of
temperature, pressure and volume changes on original
rocks.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed under the influence of
heat or pressure on original rocks which cause to
change their colour, hardness, structure and
composition.
• The process of re-crystallization and reorganisation of
materials within the original rock is called as
metamorphism.
• When the metamorphism happens without any
appreciable chemical change, it is called as Dynamic
Metamorphism.
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• If metamorphism happened due to the influence of heat,
it is called as Thermal Metamorphism. It has two types:
Contact Metamorphism and Regional Metamorphism.
• When the reorganisation occurs due to direct contact
with the hot magma, it is called as Contact
Metamorphism.
• If the rocks undergo reorganisation due to tremendous
heat/ pressure formed as a result of tectonic shearing, it
is called as Regional Metamorphism.
• Metamorphic Rocks can be classified into Foliated
(Slate, Schist, Gneiss) and Non-Foliated (Quartzite,
Marble) Metamorphic Rocks on the basis of the
presence or absence of bands of mineral grains.
Shale Schist

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• Foliated
- Folios = page or leaf-like
- rock has distinct banding or layering
often not smooth like in sedimentary rocks
- formed under directed pressure

• Non-foliated
no distinct layering character
often a massive crystalline texture
formed under uniform pressures
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 Evidence of Metamorphism
Flattened Pebbles

Differential
pressure
“squashes”
rock and
included
features 31
 Engineering important of
metamorphic rock
• GNEISS: A metamorphic uneven granular medium to coarse
grained crystalline with more or less parallel mineral orientation.
Colors are too variable to be of diagnostic value. Due to physical
and chemical similarity between many gneisses and plutonic
igneous rocks some are used as building stones and other structural
purposes.
• MARBLE: A metamorphic even-granular grain to medium grained
and may be uneven granular and coarse grained in calc-silicate
rock. The normal color is white but accessory minerals act as
coloring agents and may produce a variety of colors. Depending
upon its purity, texture, color and marbled pattern it is quarried for
use as dimension stone for statuary, architectural and ornamental
purposes.

marble
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Gneiss
• QUARTZITE: A metamorphic or sedimentary
rock with crystalline texture, consists of rounded
quartz grains cemented by crystalline quartz,
generally white, light gray or yellow to brown.
• SCHIST: A metamorphic uneven-granular,
medium to coarse grained, crystalline with
prominent parallel mineral orientation. Goes
from silvery white to all shades of gray with
yellow to brown tones depending on the mineral
concentration. Some schists have graphite and
some are used as building stones

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 Importance of Geology in civil
Engineering

• It provides an opportunity to interpret the physical

properties of individual rocks, likewise: texture,
structure, mineral composition, chemical
composition etc.

• This helps in knowing the strength, durability, colour,

appearance, workability etc.

• These properties are very important for CE to know

because different rocks are suitable for different
purposes and no rock is ideal or best suited for all
purpose.

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Man changes rocks
in many ways. Look for
ways that rocks are used.

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THANK YOU

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