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    Experiment 2: Qualitative Test For Elements in Organic Compounds

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    Paul Jhon Eugenio
    The document describes qualitative tests to identify various functional groups in organic compounds. It provides details on tests to detect carbon/hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. For each test, it explains the basic procedure and expected positive result, such as formation of a precipitate, change in color or odor.

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    Experiment 2: Qualitative Test For Elements in Organic Compounds

    Uploaded by

    Paul Jhon Eugenio
    570 views22 pages
    The document describes qualitative tests to identify various functional groups in organic compounds. It provides details on tests to detect carbon/hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. For each test, it explains the basic procedure and expected positive result, such as formation of a precipitate, change in color or odor.

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    The document describes qualitative tests to identify various functional groups in organic compounds. It provides details on tests to detect carbon/hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. For each test, it explains the basic procedure and expected positive result, such as formation of a precipitate, change in color or odor.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    570 views22 pages

    Experiment 2: Qualitative Test For Elements in Organic Compounds

    Uploaded by

    Paul Jhon Eugenio
    The document describes qualitative tests to identify various functional groups in organic compounds. It provides details on tests to detect carbon/hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. For each test, it explains the basic procedure and expected positive result, such as formation of a precipitate, change in color or odor.

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    Experiment 2

    Qualitative Test for Elements in


    Organic Compounds
    Organic Compounds
    • Contains the element Carbon
    • Carbon’s ability to form strong covalent bond
    to other carbon is the single property of
    carbon atom that accounts for the existence of
    the study of organic chemistry.
    • It can also form strong covalent bonds with
    other elements such as H, O, N, S, etc.
    • Functional groups
    – Is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic
    chemical and physical properties.
    – Can contain heteroatom(s) and/or multiple bonds
    – Determines a molecule’s shape, properties, and the
    type of reactions it undergoes
    – There are three types of most common functional
    groups
    • Hydrocarbon
    • Single bond to a heteroatom
    • Compounds containing C=O group

    *The symbol “R” is used to represent


    any carbon chains or rings
    Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
    Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons
    Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only the elements carbon and
    hydrogen. They may be aliphatic or aromatic.

    4
    Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
    Functional Groups: Heteroatoms

    5
    Functional Groups: Carbonyl groups
    Contain carbon-oxygen double
    bond (C=O)

    6
    Experiment
    • Test for Carbon and Hydrogen
    • Test for Nitrogen
    • Test for Halogens
    • Test for Oxygen
    • Test for Sulfur
    Test for Carbon and Hydrogen
    • Organic compound is heated strongly with
    excess of dry copper oxide in a current of dry
    air and oxygen (free from CO2)
    • Carbon present in the organic compound is
    oxidized to CO2
    C (in test compound) + 2CuO  CO2(g) + 2Cu
    • Hydrogen is oxidized to water
    2H (in test compound) + CuO  H2O(l) + Cu
    Test for Carbon and Hydrogen
    • Test compound: Glucose
    Test for Carbon and Hydrogen
    • Positive Result: A white precipitate forms at
    the test tube with lime water and as well as
    presence of droplets of water in the tube

    Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)


    (lime water)
    Test for Nitrogen
    • Also called “Soda-lime test”
    • Test Sample: Urea
    Test for Nitrogen
    • A pinch of organic compound is heated
    strongly in a dry test tube with soda lime
    (NaOH + CaO)
    • Positive Result: A smell of ammonia indicates
    presence of nitrogen

    + NaOH(s) + CaO(s)  2NH3(g) + Na2CO3


    Test for nitrogen
    • Positive result: Red litmus paper changes to
    blue upon exposing to vapor.
    • Acid-Base reaction:
    • NH3(g) + H2O(aq)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
    Test for nitrogen
    • Limitation:
    – Soda lime test is not a reliable confirmatory test
    for the presence of nitrogen since some nitrogen
    containing compound such as nitro (-NO2), or azo
    compounds (-N=N-)
    Test for Halogens
    • Beilstein Test
    – A clean and bent copper wire is heated in a non
    luminous flame until it ceases to impart green
    flame. It is then dip in organic halide.
    – Positive result: a visible blue-green flame
    indicating the formation of volatile cupric halide.
    – The test is used to confirm the presence of
    halogens in a certain compound
    Test for Halogens
    • Silver Nitrate Test
    – Monochloroacetic acid is reacted with silver
    nitrate in the presence of hot distilled water and
    nitric acid.
    – Positive result: formation of white precipitate
    indicating the formation of AgCl(s)
    Test for Halogens
    • Function of Nitric Acid
    – for compound containing Nitrogen and sulfur that
    may interfere with the reaction
    – HNO3 decomposes the N and S in the compound

    CN- + AgNO3  AgCN(s) (white precipitate)


    Test for Oxygen
    • Ferrox test
    – Test to determine the presence of oxygen in an
    organic compound ( aldehydes, ethers, ketones,
    alcohols, etc.)
    – Ferrox reagent:
    2Fe(NH4)(SO4)2 + 6KSCN  Fe[Fe(SCN)6]
    Iron (III) amm. Sulfate Potassium Iron(III) hexathiocyanato ferrate
    thiocyanate (III)
    Test for Oxygen
    • The prepared ferrox paper is dipped in the test
    solution (hexane, alcohol, ether).
    • Positive result: red to reddish-purple solution
    upon mixing with the test sample.
    • Ethanol and ether showed positive result
    while hexane exhibited no change in color of
    solution
    Test for Sulfur
    • Lead acetate test
    – Albumin is a protein that consist of cystein
    Test for Sulfur
    • In strongly basic solution, the amino acid
    cysteine will react to lead ions (Pb2+) forming
    black precipitate, PbS.
    • Heating is necessary to be able to break up
    the polypeptide chains
    • Positive Result: Black precipitate after heating
    Summary
    Name of the Test Positive Result

    Carbon and Hydrogen Test Formation of white ppt. in the lime water
    and droplets of water in tube

    Test for Nitrogen Ammonia odor/ red litmus paper turns to


    blue

    Beilstein Test Blue-green flame

    Silver Nitrate Test White Precipitate

    Ferrox Test Red to red-purple solution

    Test for Sulfur Black precipitate upon heating

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